LIBRARY 

OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

•v 

Claxs 


HISTORIC  HIGHWAYS  OF  AMERICA 

VOLUME  16 


HISTORIC  HIGHWAYS  OF  AMERICA 

VOLUME    16 


INDEX 


BY 


ARCHER  BUTLER  HULBERT 


THE  ARTHUR  H.  CLARK  COMPANY 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO 

1905 


,,;,,, 


COPYRIGHT,    1905 
BY 

THE  ARTHUR  H.  CLARK  COMPANY 

ALL   RIGHTS   RESERVED 


PREFACE 

THE  fact  that  the  words  trace,  trail, 
and  road  are  often  used  interchange 
ably  has  made  it  necessary  in  this 
index   to    classify    them    as    follows :    all 
buffalo   routes   are   given    here   as    traces, 
Indian   routes   as  trails,  and   white   men's 
routes  as  roads.     To  know  the  history  of  a 
given  road,  therefore,  it  may  be  necessary 
to  look  for  it  under  both  its  modern  and 
its  ancient  name. 

Of  the  extraordinary  number  of  taverns 
on  American  pioneer  roads  a  large  portion 
went  under  the  name  of  the  landlord,  as, 
Sampey's  Tavern.  In  the  following  index 
these  are  all  given  under  the  landlord's 
name  in  the  possessive  case,  as,  Sampey's. 
Unimportant  as  many  of  these  references 
are,  they  are  genealogically  of  moment  and 
must  be  preserved. 

A.  B.  H. 
MARIETTA,  OHIO,  January  26,  1905. 


\  32697 


Index 


INDEX 

ABEL,  Robert,  subscribes  toward  improvement 
of  Wilderness   Road,   6,    198. 
Abel's   (tavern)   12,  119. 

Abercrombie,  General :  menaces  Ticonderoga,  5,  73 ; 
Forbes's  letter  to,  108-109;  Forbes  fails  to  hear 
from,  156. 

Abert,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  J.,  surveys  Potomac  Valley  for 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  13,  78. 

Aboriginal  Occupation  of  the  Lower  Genesee  Coun 
try,  Harris,  cited,  2,  85. 

Acheson,  T.  C.,  stagecoach  proprietor,  10,  136. 

Adair,  Major,  attacked  on  St.  Clair's  road,  8,  183. 

Adams,  President  J.  Q. :  lost  in  woods  between 
Baltimore  and  Washington,  n,  69;  toast  at 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  banquet  (1823)  13, 
73 ;  lifts  first  spadeful  of  earth  in  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal,  104;  oration,  105. 

Adams's,  William,  6,  108. 

Adams's,  10,  160. 

"Aeolus,"  Benjamin  H.  Latrobe  describes  sail-car, 
13,  127. 


10  INDEX  /  Akron 

Akron   (Ohio),  strategic  location  of,  i,  67. 

Albach,  Annals  of  the  West,  cited,  8,  156-158. 

Albany  and  Oswego,  map  of  route  between,  12,  97. 

Alexandria  (Virginia)  :  Braddock's  army  at,  4,  59; 
route  of  Braddock's  army  from,  76-77;  early 
mention  of,  12,  66. 

Allaquapy's  Gap,  5,  20. 

Allegheny  Portage  Railway,  see  Railway. 

Allen,  James  Lane:  The  Blue  Grass  Region  of  Ken 
tucky,  cited,  i,  127;  6,  16;  describes  character  of 
early  Kentucky  immigration,  6,  176-178. 

Allen,  Jason,  letter  of  Samuel  Allen  to,  quoted,  12, 

64-77- 

Allen,  John  P.,  12,  70. 
Allen,    Samuel:    letter   to    Jason   Allen    describing 

trip  to  Ohio  valley  (1796)  12,  64-77;  loses  child 

while  immigrating,  67-70. 
Alliquippa,  Queen,  9,  38. 

American  Annual  Register,  quoted  on  roads,  n,  68. 
American  Antiquarian,  cited,  I,  90. 
American  Bottom,  Dickens  describes,  12,   188-196. 
"American  Eagle,"  10,  155. 
American  Historical  Review,  cited,  9,  58. 
American  House,  10,  159,  163. 
American  Pioneer:  cited,  6,  182 ;  9,  1 18-125  ;  quoted, 

9,  109-110,  125-127;  12,  88-94- 


Arnold  INDEX  11 

Amherst,  Lord:  attacks  Louisbourg,  5,  73;  under 
estimates  Indians,  170;  sends  Bouquet  troops, 
176;  Bouquet  writes  from  Bushy  Run  battlefield 
to,  1 80. 

Amphitheatre,  Lafayette,  Erie  Canal  inaugural  ball 
in,  14,  149-150. 

Anderson's,  6,  108. 

Andrew's,  12,  129. 

Annual  Report  of  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  Army, 
1902,  quoted,  9,  206. 

Archaeological  remains :  on  watersheds,  i,  69  et  seq. ; 
highland  location  of,  80,  81,  82;  located  near 
present-day  roads,  83-85. 

Archy's  Spring,  Washington  at,  12,  23. 

"Arks,"  species  of  river-boat,  9,  127. 

Armstrong,  Capt.  John :  Journal  of  Harmar's  march 
and  defeat,  quoted,  8,  89,  et  seq.]  in  Harmar's 
defeat,  103-104. 

Armstrong,  Col.  John:  defender  of  the  Pennsyl 
vania  frontier,  5,  55;  conducts  Kittanning  cam 
paign,  60-6 1 ;  advises  General  Forbes,  94-95;  let 
ter  to  Bouquet  referred  to  Forbes,  109;  favors 
new  road,  114;  letter  to  Richard  Peters,  cited, 
150. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  Prof.  Smith  describes  Quebec 
campaign  of,  7,  115-118. 


12  INDEX  Arrowsmith 

Arrowsmith's  Map  of  the  United  States,  (part  of) 

8,  117. 
Athanasius,  Indians  at  Braddock's  defeat  led  by,  4, 

123. 
Atkinson,  A.  T.,  describes  Braddock's  route,  4,  175- 

190. 

Atkin's  Ordinary,  6,  124. 
Attique,  location  of,  9,  37. 
Atwater,  Caleb:  Transactions  of  the  American 

Antiquarian  Society,  I,  92;  on  failure  of  sons  of 

rich  eastern  families  in  the  West,  6,  36;  Tour, 

cited,  10,  84. 

Aubrey,  Grant  defeated  by  (1758),  5,  178. 
Audubon,  describes  Ohio  flatboating,  9,  113-118. 
Ayres  Point,  see  Elkhorn  Prairie. 


BACKWOODS,  British  officer's  description  of 
life  in  Virginia,  4,  137-164. 
Bailey    and    Mclnnes,    Geological   Report    of 
1888,  quoted,  7,  104. 
Bailey,  St.  John  River,  cited,  7,   105. 
Baily,  Francis:  A  Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Unsettled 
Parts   of  North  America,   quoted,   u,    106-150; 


Bangar  INDEX  13 

prophesies  (1796)  that  Georgetown  will  be  ab 
sorbed  by  Washington,  u,  117;  recounts  inci 
dents  of  trip  from  Washington  to  Pittsburg,  1 1 8- 
143;  on  independence  of  American  character, 
123;  travels  from  Columbia,  Ohio,  northward, 
144-150. 

Bainbridge  (Illinois),  Clark's  camp  near,  8,  28. 

Baker,  George  A.,  The  St.  Joseph-Kankakee 
Portage,  quoted,  7,  176-180. 

Baker,  William,  6,  199. 

Baldwin,  Early  Maps  of  Ohio  and  the  West,  cited, 

2,  99- 

Ball,  Thomas,  6,  201. 

Ballard,  Mrs.  A.  J.,  possesses  Lieut.  William  Clark's 
Journal,  8,  205. 

Ballston  (New  York)  :  inns  full  at,  12,  118;  min 
eral  waters  at,  118. 

Baltimore:  Potomac  Canal  Company  bill  objected 
to  by  citizens  of,  13,  69-70 ;  canal  connection  with 
West  desired  by  citizens  of,  70-72;  disappointed 
at  estimated  cost  of  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal, 
87-89;  threatened  by  loss  of  western  trade,  89-91 ; 
rivals  criticise,  91-93 ;  promotes  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railway,  95-98;  foundation  stone  of  Balti 
more  and  Ohio  Railway  laid  at,  106-110. 

Bangar,  Goldsbrow,  14,  26. 


14  INDEX  Barber 

Barber,  Daniel,  6,  202. 

Barber,  Thos.,  6,  202. 

Barbourville  (Kentucky),  6,  63. 

Bargemen,  western,  described,  9,  161-163. 

Baringer's,  Widow,  4,  76,  87. 

Barker,  James,  12,  145. 

Barnes's,  10,  156. 

Barney,  Lieut.  Joshua,  locates  Baltimore  and  Ohio 

Railway  line,  13,  109,  no. 
Barringer,  President,  on  influence  of  good  roads  on 

land  values,  15,  44-45. 
Batavia  (New  York)  in  1805,  12,  138-141. 
Batavia  Woods  (New  York),  bad  reputation  of,  12, 

141. 

Bay,  Major,  in  Harmar's  campaign,  8,  87. 
Bayard,  William,  14,  60,  178. 
Bayle's,  10,  164. 

Bay  Path,  see  Old  Connecticut  Trail. 
Bay  Path,  by  J.  G.  Holland,  cited,  2,  75. 
Beach,  E.  S.,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  142. 
Beach,  R.,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  142. 
Beale's,  12,  117. 
Bean,  Dr.,  accompanies  Francis  Baily  in  Ohio,  n, 

H5- 

Bean's,  Letty,  n,  142. 
Beaujeu,  M.  de:  plans  to  delay  Braddock,  4,  121; 

in  Braddock's  Defeat,   122-126. 


Benton  INDEX  15 

Beard,  Adam,  Dr.  Walker  annoyed  by,  6,  56. 
Season,  Jonas,  opens  books  for  subscriptions  to  old 

Northwestern  Turnpike,  12,  31. 
Beatty,  Cornelius,  subscribes  to  fund  for  repairing 

Wilderness  Road,  6,  200. 
Beausejour,  Winslow  captures,  5,  68. 
Beaver,  early  military  expeditions  favored  by  dams 

of  the,  7,  171. 
Beck's,   10,   1 60. 
Bedinger,  George  M.,  6,  200. 
Bedinger,  Major,  in  St.  Glair's  defeat,  8,  147. 
Belknap,   History   of  New  Hampshire,   quoted,   7, 

119-121. 
Belknap,    Dr.,    Map    of    Wayne's    route    in    the 

Maumee  Valley,  8,  197. 
Belleville    (Illinois),  Charles  Dickens  at,  12,  189- 

190. 
Bellin,  Par  tie  Occident  ale  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 

cited,  7,  50. 

Bellville     (West  Virginia)  :   formerly  Flinn's  Sta 
tion,  12,  64;  description  of  (1796),  75-?6. 
Benjamin,  Dr.  Marcus,  on  "Key  of  Keys,"  4,  78. 
Bent,  Mr.,  at  Marietta  (Ohio),  12,  44. 
Benton,  Caleb,  12,  148,  150. 
Benton,    Elbert  Jay,    The   Wabash    Trade  Route, 

cited,  7,  164. 
Benton,  Stephen,  12,  148,  150. 


16  INDEX  Benton 

Benton,  Thomas,  on  Buffalo  routes,  I,  79. 
Bernard,  Gen.  Simon :  outlines  route  for  Chesapeake 

and  Ohio  Canal,  13,  78 ;  estimates  cost  of,  78-87  ; 

estimate  proved  correct,   161. 
Big  Bottom  Massacre:  site  of,  2,  116;  8,  109;  effect 

of,  no-iii. 
Bigelow,  Timothy,  Journal  of  a  Tour  to  Niagara 

Falls  in  the  year  1805,  quoted,  12,  117-142. 
"Big  Rock,"  2,  63. 
Billings,  John  S.,  14,  12. 
Bingham,  the  bookseller,  12,  118. 
Bird's  Road,  in  Kentucky,  6,  180-181. 
Birkbeck,   Morris:   describes   Old   Glade   Road,   5, 

2OO-2O2 ;  Letters  from  Illinois,  quoted,  2OI-2O2. 
"Black  Bear,"  10,  161. 
"Black   Commission,"   in   modern   Erie   Canal,   14, 

197. 

Blackburn,   Colonel,   appointed   on   committee  con 
cerning  Potomac  improvement,  13,  50. 
Blacksburg   (Virginia),  6,   58. 
Black's,  Mr.,  at  foot  of  Blue  Ridge,  6,  108. 
Black's,  10,   159. 

Blair's  Gap,  Allegheny  Portage  Railway  in,  13,  191. 
Blanchard,    Col.    Joseph,    raises    New    Hampshire 

Militia,  7,   119. 
Blane,    Alexander,    subscribes    toward    Wilderness 

Road  improvement,  6,  199. 


Boone  INDEX  17 

Blane,  John,  6,  199. 

Bledsoe's,  Captain,  6,   IO2. 

Blesser's,  12,  62.   -. 

Bloody  Island,  St.  Louis's  duelling  ground,  12,  196. 

Bloomfield   (New  York)    in  1805,  12,  136. 

Blue  Licks,  Battle  of,  6,  129,  174. 

Blue  Point  (Illinois),  Vincennes  Trace  passes  near, 
8,  50. 

Blue  Ridge,  Walker  crosses,  6,  58. 

Bollman,  Eric,  letter  describing  western  trip  in 
1796,  12,  77-88. 

Bollman,  H.  L.,  12,  77. 

Bollman,  Lewis,  12,  77. 

Bond,  Mr.,  on  Roosevelt  Erie  Canal  committee,  14, 
198. 

Bonnecamps,  Father:  compares  French  and  Amer 
ican  forests,  7,  62 ;  Journal,  cited,  9,  22 ;  map 
of  Ohio  River  (1749),  24. 

Boone,  Daniel:  Autobiography,  cited,  I,  113 ;  on 
buffalo  roads,  113 ;  opened  road  on  Indian  trail,  2, 
15;  Kentucky  described  by,  6,  32-33;  at  Fort 
Watauga  treaty,  42-43 ;  explores  Kentucky,  79, 
83,  88 ;  negotiates  Watauga  Treaty,  92-93 ;  letter 
to  Henderson,  143;  vital  importance  of  Hender 
son's  settlement  described  by,  143;  letter  to  Gov 
ernor  Isaac  Shelby  asking  for  contract  to  improve 
Wilderness  Road,  203-204. 


18  INDEX  Boonesborough 

Boonesborough    (Kentucky):  plat  of,  6,  97;  early 
days  of,  115-117. 

Boone's-town  (Pennsylvania),  Francis  Baily  at,  n, 
125-126. 

Boscowen,  Admiral,  at  Louisbourg,  5,  73. 

Boston  Ordinary,  4,  194. 

Bostwick,  David,  granted  stage  monopoly,  12,  150. 

Bosworth,  Squire,  12,  31. 

Bouchette,  Topographical  Dictionary,  cited,  7,  109. 

Bouck,  Erie  Canal  commissioner,  14,  149;  nomi 
nated  for  governor,  172,  174,  175- 

Bounty  Land,  Dinwiddie's  proclamation  of  1754 
concerning,  3,  126. 

Bouquet,  Col.  Henry:  Journal,  cited,  2,  107;  road 
described,  125;  Bouquet  Papers,  cited,  4,  1935 
5,  77;  commands  Royal  Americans,  5,  74;  Forbes 
hurries,  to  the  frontier,  77 ;  letter  to  Forbes,  May 
20,  77 ;  outlines  route  to  Raystown,  78 ;  letter  to 
Forbes,  June  28,  79;  arrives  at  Raystown,  79; 
arrives  at  Carlisle,  May  24,  85 ;  letter  from  St. 
Clair  suggesting  change  of  route  received  by,  84; 
letter  to  Forbes,  concerning  Washington's  regi 
ment,  85;  orders  Washington  to  Fort  Cumber 
land,  85;  all  routes  examined  by,  89;  Forbes 
commends  his  carefulness  in  deciding  on  routes, 
89-90;  letter  to  Forbes,  July  21,  on  road  question, 


Braddock  INDEX  19 

96-100;  Forbes  refers  decision  of  road  question  to, 
108;  letter  to  Forbes  (July  26)  reporting  favor 
ably  on  Pennsylvania  road,  109-111;  Fort  Pitt 
relieved  by,  176-182;  Amherst  gives  limited  assist 
ance  to,  176;  delicate  position  of,  176-177;  Fort 
Ligonier  named  by,  178;  Battle  of  Bushy  Run 
won  by,  178-182;  letter  to  Amherst,  from  Bushy 
Run  battlefield,  180. 

Bouquet's  Redoubt  at  Fort  Pitt,  view  of,  5,  184. 
Bowie,  R.  W.,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  central 

committeeman,  13,  74- 

Bowman,  Capt.  John:  Journal,  quoted,  8,  44;  early 
publications,    44;    campaign    (i779)>    up    Little 
Miami,    75;   commands    a   company    in    Clark's 
force,  222. 
Boyd's,  6,  121. 

Boye,  Herman,  Map  of  Virginia,  cited,  12,  44. 
Boyer,  Lieutenant,  Journal  of  Wayne  s  Campaign, 

cited,  8,  205,  et  seq. 
Boyle's,  12,  49,  80. 

Braddock,  Gen.  Edward:  character  of,  4,  36-38; 
code  of  honor  of,  375  creditable  services,  37'38; 
Walpole  on,  37-38 ;  adored  at  Gibraltar,  38  ;  Duke 
of  Cumberland's  instructions  to,  38-42*  42~5i; 
ordered  by  Cumberland  to  Virginia,  43 ;  expected 
to  besiege  Niagara,  47;  outline  of  proposed  cam- 


20  INDEX  Braddock 

Braddock  (continued)  — 

paign  of,  42-5 1 ;  impracticability  of  orders  given 
to,  51-58;  prophesies  his  own  death,  53;  depend 
ent  on  Sir  John  St.  Clair,  54;  Virginia's  lack  of 
wagons  and  horses  handicaps,  55 ;  campaign  should 
have  been  made  through  Pennsylvania,  55-57; 
the  victim  of  treachery,  57;  low  character  of 
troops  under,  58-59;  army  reaches  Alexandria,  59; 
indifference  of  colonies  to,  61-75 ;  colonial  assem 
blies  refuse  money  for,  64-65 ;  manuscript  letters, 
preservation  of,  65 ;  colonial  troops  criticised  by, 
67;  praised  by,  211;  dependence  on  Benjamin 
Franklin,  68;  failure  of  colonies  to  provide  In 
dians  for,  73;  letters  to  British  Ministry,  67-75; 
orderly  books,  quoted,  76;  itinerary  of  troops 
from  Alexandria  to  Fort  Cumberland,  76-77 ; 
horse  races  in  camp  to  amuse,  90;  addresses  In 
dians  at  Fort  Cumberland,  92-93 ;  beef  for  troops 
under,  condemned,  93;  chaplains  in  army  under, 
94 ;  officers  receive  eleven  wagon  loads  of  presents, 
96;  wagons  arrive  at  Fort  Cumberland,  96;  size 
of  army  (May  24,  1755),  97;  seaman's  account 
of  defeat  of,  101-107;  leaves  Fort  Cumberland, 
108;  progress  toward  Fort  Duquesne,  108-109; 
Franklin's  prediction  concerning  defeat  of,  109; 
Washington  describes  march  of,  no,  114-115;  de- 


Braddock  INDEX  21 

cides  to  divide  his  army,  1 1 1 ;  advances  from  Little 
Crossings  with  flying  column,   1 1 1 ;  Indians  not 
supplied  to,  112-114;  arrives  at  the  Youghiogheny 
River,  115;  arrives  at  Turtle  Creek,  117;  scrip 
ture  cited  to  justify  victory  of,  118;  subscriptions 
started  to  celebrate  victory  of,   119;  ballad  cele 
brating  expected  victory  of,  119;  arrives  at  Mo- 
nongahela  River,  120;  plan  of  Beaujeu  to  delay, 
121 ;  Beaujeu  chooses  spot  for  entrapping  Brad- 
dock,  123;  caution  of,   124;  defeat  of,   124-131; 
topography  explains  the  defeat  of,  126-128;  mor 
tality  at  defeat  of,  130;  wounded,   130;  retreats, 
131;  last  hours  of,   133;  location  of  graves  of, 
133-134;  view  of,  frontispiece;  effect  of  the  defeat 
of,  135;  mutinous  condition  of  troops  under,  145- 
146;  diet  of  troops  under,  149-152;  rumored  re 
treat  of,  156-157;  Indians  of,  defeated  by  French 
Indians,   163;  British  officer  describes  defeat  of, 
165 ;  route  of  army  between  Alexandria  and  Cum 
berland,  179-182;  friends  chosen  by,  in  America, 
211 ;  Washington  searches  for  grave  of,  211 ;  wil 
low  slip  from  St.  Helena  planted  beside  grave  of, 
212;  Pontiac  present  at  defeat  of,  5,  171. 
Braddock,  Fanny,  death  of,  4,  37- 
Braddock  Fields,  topography  of,  4,   125. 
Braddock  Run  House,  10,  160. 


22  INDEX  Bradley 

Bradley,  Map  of  the  United  States,  cited,  12,  25. 

Bradshaw's,  10,  161. 

Brant,  Joseph:  at  St.  Glair's  defeat,  8,  163;  inter 
views  United  States  commissioners,  188;  disagrees 
with  western  Indians,  189. 

Brashear's,  10,  160. 

Breckinridge,   Robert,   6,    197. 

Bremen  Station  (Illinois),  see  Welge  Station. 

Brent,  Charles,  12,  30. 

Bridge  at  "Big  Crossings"  (Pennsylvania),  view  of, 
10,  frontispiece. 

Bridges,  made  of  poles,  12,  137. 

Brien's,  12,  49. 

Briggs,  engineer  of  Erie  Canal,  14,  149. 

Briley's  Mill,  6,  110. 

Brissot,  Jean  Pierre,  New  Travels  in  the  United 
States  y  quoted,  II,  109. 

British:  conflict  of  Spaniards  with,  in  Mississippi 
Valley,  6,  170;  responsible  for  Indian  War,  8, 
76-77. 

British  Newspaper  Accounts  of  Braddock's  Defeat, 
cited,  4,  126. 

Brock's  Bridge,  4,  194. 

Brokaw,  Obadiah,  farm,  site  of  Big  Bottom  Massa 
cre,  2,  1 1 6. 

Brokenstraw  Creek,  9,  29. 


Buffalo  INDEX  23 

Bromeling's,  12,   118. 

Bromley,  Captain,  interment  of,  4,  94. 

Brown,  History  of  the  First  Locomotives  in  Amer 
ica,  cited,  13,  129,  130. 

Brown,  Alexander,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway 
director,  13,  no. 

Brown,  Col.  John  Mason,  6,  197. 

Brown,  George :  promotes  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail 
way,  13,  95-98;  treasurer  of  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railway,  no. 

Brown,  James,  6,  197. 

Brown,  John,  6,  197. 

Brown,  Thomas,  12,  31. 

Brown,  William:  itinerary  on  Braddock's  Road,  4, 
194-196;  itinerary  on  Wilderness  Road,  6,  123- 
130. 

Brown,  William  H.,  letter  of  Peter  Cooper  to,  13, 
129. 

Buchanan,  Judge,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  in 
junction  granted  by,  13,  101. 

"Buck's,"  10,  155. 

Buckeye  Hotel,  10,  163. 

Buell,  Journal,  cited,  i,  114. 

Buffalo:  bones  not  found  in  mounds,  I,  102;  range 
of,  103;  habits  of,  104,  105,  106,  107,  108; 
History  of  American  Bison,  128;  migrations  of. 


24  INDEX  Buffalo 

Buffalo   (continued)  — 

129,  130;  killed  by  George  Rogers  Clark's  troops 

in  Illinois,  8,  50;  white  men  follow  traces  of,  12, 

28 ;  see  Trace. 

Buffalo  Gap  (Illinois),  8,  23,  27. 
Buffalo  (New  York)  :  Erie  Canal  celebration  at,  14, 

138-140;  ceremony  of  wedding  the  Atlantic  to 

Great  Lakes  at,  150. 
Buford,  Abe,  6,  199. 
Bulger,  Maj.  Edward,  6,  129. 
Bullitt,  Alexander  S.,  6,  197. 
Bullock,  Leonard  Henley,  6,  91. 
Bullock  Pens,  on  Forbes's  Road,  5,  186. 
Bullstown   (West  Virginia),  Washington  mentions 

portage  at,  13,  41. 
Bunker  Hill,  Clark's  men  advance  on  Vincennes  by 

way  of,  8,  60. 
Buntin,  Capt.  Robert,  letter  to  St.  Clair,  on  aspect 

of  Wabash  battle-ground,  8,  157. 
Burd,  see  Byrd. 
Burdett,  Frederick,  12,  31. 

Burdine,  Pete,  famous  stagecoach  driver,  10,  133. 
Bureau  of  Ethnology,   Reports  of:   i,   38  et  seq.\ 

2,65. 

Burnay,  David,  6,  133. 
Burnet,  Notes,  cited,  9,  132. 


Butler  INDEX  25 

Burt,  Major,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  139. 

Burton,  Lieutenant  Colonel:  advance  of,  from  Lit 
tle  Crossings,  4,  .in;  in  Braddock's  defeat,  126, 
127. 

Bury,  Exodus  of  the  Western  Nations,  cited,  5,  38. 

Bush,  Philip,  Jr.,  6,  202. 

Bushy  Run,  battle  of,  5,  178-182. 

Butcher,  Eli,  12,  31. 

Buteux,  Father,  journey  on  Canadian  trails,  2, 
35-43- 

Butler  County  (Ohio)  :  archaeological  remains  in, 
i,  54;  Atlas  of,  8,  195. 

Butler,  Gen.  Richard:  locates  Fort  Finney,  I,  59; 
Journal,  quoted,  121-127;  Washington  writes 
to,  on  internal  improvements,  3,  198;  appointed 
second  in  command  United  States  Army,  8,  119; 
raises  recruits,  120;  reaches  Pittsburg,  121;  suc 
cess  of,  122;  ordered  to  Fort  Washington  per 
emptorily,  123;  rebuked  by  Washington,  123-124; 
orders  not  obeyed,  124;  testifies  at  Harmar's  court 
martial,  129;  reaches  Fort  Hamilton,  130;  ad 
vances  northward,  130-131 ;  ordered  to  proceed  in 
three  columns,  131;  advances  from  Fort  Ham 
ilton,  132;  alters  St.  Clair's  plan  of  march,  133; 
apologizes  to  St.  Clair,  136;  disaffection  of,  137; 
explores  route  for  army,  138;  requests  command 


26  INDEX  Butler 

Butler   (continued)  — 

of  flying  column,  141;  conduct  excused,  142; 
Slough  reports  to,  151;  activity  in  battle,  153; 
responsible  for  defeat,  158;  death  of,  159;  Pitts- 
burg  in  mourning  for,  177;  letter  to  General 
Irvine  on  rough  social  conditions  in  West,  9,  66. 

Butler,  Major:  in  St.  Glair's  defeat,  8,  152;  points 
out  where  General  Butler's  remains  were  to  be 
found,  203. 

Butler,   ex-Senator   M.    C.,   on    National   Aid,   15, 

54-55- 

Butterworth,  C.  W. :  Bouquet's  Expedition,  cited, 
2,  107  ;  Discovery  of  the  Northwest,  cited,  7,  183  ; 
Washington-Irvine  Correspondence,  cited,  1 68. 

Byrd,  Colonel :  Sir  John  St.  Clair  on,  5,  85 ;  Forbes 
ridicules,  106;  sent  by  Bouquet  to  study  routes, 
109. 

Byrne,  Charles,  12,  31. 

Byrne,  Michael,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  con 
tractor,  13,  1 60. 


GALDWELL,  John,  6,  199,  200. 
Caldwell,  Philip,  6,  200. 
Caldwell's,  10,  160. 
Calhoun,  John  C.,  toast  at  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 

Canal  banquet  (1823),  13,  73. 
Calk,  Mary  Catherine,  7,   117. 
Calk,  William:  Journal,  quoted,  6,   107-117;  com 
panions  of,  107. 
Calloway,  Col.  James,  pioneer  company  of,  6,  117, 

130. 

Galloway's,  William,  6,  55. 
Calender's,    12,   56. 
Camac,    Turner,   Facts  and  Arguments   respecting 

the  great  Utility  of  an  extensive  plan  of  Inland 

Navigation,  cited,  13,  177. 
Cameron,  Georgia  frontiersmen  attempt  to  capture, 

6,  152. 

Camp  Charlotte,  Treaty  of,  6,  87. 
Campagne,  a  common  word  among  pioneers,  12,  70; 

see  Clear  Fields. 


28  INDEX  Camp 

Camp  Beaver  Swamp:  Wayne's  troops  occupy,  8, 

206;  bridge  built  near,  206-207. 
Campbell's,  Col.  Arthur,  6,  124. 
Campbell,  L.  D.,  Wayne's  Road  on  land  owned  by, 

8,  195. 

Campbell,  Major,  6,   108. 
Campbell,  William,  6,  199. 
Camp  ground :  in  Illinois,  at  the  "points"  of  timber, 

8,  24;  pioneer  immigrants  preparing  a,  n,  185- 

188. 

CANALS— 

In  General:  portage  paths  as  routes  of,  7,  80-82; 
ancient,  13,  15-19;  locks  not  used  by  ancients,  18; 
British,  19-21;  lock  invented,  18;  first,  in  Amer 
ica,  22;  need  of,  23;  comparative  cost  of  three 
great  American,  212. 
Names  and  Data: 
Braire,  12,  18. 

Caledonian,  Morris  on,  14,  44. 
Chesapeake    and    Delaware,   surveyed,    13,     22. 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio :  Schriver  plans  Deep  Creek 
route  for,  13,  68;  promoted  by  public  meeting 
at  Washington,   70;  substituted   for  Potomac 
canal,  72 ;  banquet  of  delegates  at  first  conven 
tion  of,  73;  original  central  committee  of,  74; 


Canals  INDEX  29 

committee  to  memorialize  Congress  in  behalf 
of,  74;  incorporated,  76;  Potomac  Company's 
shares  exchanged  for  stock  in,  77 ;  divisions  of, 
77;  Congress  provides  for  survey  of,  78;  Gen 
eral  Bernard  surveys,  78;  reports  on,  78-87; 
map  of,  8 1 ;  estimated  cost,  86;  Baltimore  dis 
appointed  at  expensive  estimates  for,  87-88 ; 
rivaled  by  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway,  98- 
102;  ground  broken  for,  103-106;  advertise  for 
bids,  in;  shares  held  by,  112;  United  States 
buys  stock  in,  112;  right  of  way  owned  by, 
115-116;  dispute  with  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railway  over  right  of  way,  116-119;  Cactocin 
Aqueduct,  view  of,  117;  difficulties  in  building, 
119-121 ;  aided  by  "Eight  Million  Dollar  Bill," 
122;  portion  completed  in  1835,  123;  compelled 
to  give  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  right  of 
way  in  Potomac  Valley,  123;  financial  history 
of,  135-160;  scrip  issued  by,  photograph  of, 
147;  completed,  160;  cost  of,  161;  later  his 
tory  of,  163-168;  view  of,  near  Cumberland, 
Maryland,  165;  Senator  Gorman  president  of, 
163;  injured  by  flood,  164;  political  manipula 
tions  of,  164-167;  operated  by  trustees  for  the 
bondholders  of  1848,  167-168;  act  incorporat 
ing,  quoted  in  part,  225-231. 


30  INDEX  Canals 

CANALS:  Names  and  Data  (continued)  — 

Chicago  Drainage,  marks  old  portage  route,  7, 

181. 

Ellesmere,  mention  of,  14,  90. 
Erie :  view  of  basin  of,  at  Buffalo,  14,  frontispiece ; 
Gouverneur  Morris  father  of,  43-47 ;  promoters 
of,  43-61 ;  influence  of  Jesse  Hawley  in  origi 
nating  the,  48-49;  Origin  of  the  Erie  Canal, 
Hawley,  quoted,  48,  cited,  5 1 ;  Joshua  For- 
man's  bill  for,  49;  first  commissioners  ap 
pointed,  52,  56;  first  appropriation,  53;  first 
engineer's  report  on,  54-57 ;  discussion  of  west 
ern  terminus  of,  55 ;  first  estimate  of  length  of, 
55;  Congress  asked  to  aid,  56-58;  President 
Madison  encourages,  57-58;  first  act  authoriz 
ing  loans  for,  59;  War  of  1812  postpones  build 
ing  of,  59-60;  revival  of  project,  after  War  of 
1812,  60;  Clinton's  Memorial  for,  62-103; 
Potomac  Company  feels  adverse  effect  of  suc 
cess  of,  13,  63 ;  Clinton  on  the  economic  need  of, 
14,  72-78;  Clinton  on  commercial  benefits  of, 
79-86;  Clinton  on  engineering  practicability, 
86-88 ;  comparative  estimated  cost  of  other 
canals  and,  90-96;  Clinton's  estimate  of  ex 
pense  of,  96-99;  Clinton's  summary  of  argu 
ments  in  favor  of,  99-103 ;  laws  authorizing  the 


Canals 


INDEX  31 


building   of,    104-110;   divisions   of,    105;   en 
gineers  constructing,  examine  Middlesex  Canal, 
105;  original  size  of,  106;  original  estimate  of 
cost  of,  106-110;  explorations  of  route  of,  106- 
110;    map    and    profile    of   (1834)*   IO7  5  bill 
authorizing,   nearly   killed   in   Council   of  Re 
vision,  no;  vote  of  Chancellor  Kent  saves  Bill 
for,  1 10-112;  early  stages  of  work  on,  112-116; 
ridiculed,    113;   accuracy  of  early  surveys  on, 
114-115;  celebration  of  beginning  of,  116-119; 
view  of,  at  Rome,  117;  laborers  eager  to  work 
on,  119;  nature  of  early  contracts  for  building 
of,  1 20;  tools  and  machines  used  in  building  of, 
121-127;  dates  of  completed  portions  of,  128- 
136;  illness  of  laborers  on,  129;  Western  In 
land  Lock  Navigation  purchased  by,   130-131; 
view  of,  at  Little  Falls,  133;  first  tolls  received 
from,   135-137;  inaugural  celebration  of,   137- 
151 ;  Buffalo  inaugural  celebration  of,  138-140; 
Buffalo  committee  in  celebration  of  opening  of, 
139;  prominent  boats  in  inauguration  of,  140; 
Clinton's  triumphal  tour  through,  140-144;  dis 
content     occasioned     at     Rome,     New     York, 
by  route  of,  143 ;  displeasure  occasioned  by  route 
of,   at  Little   Falls,   New  York,    144;   discon 
tent  at  Schenectady    occasioned    by,   144-145; 


32  INDEX  Canals 

CANALS:  Erie  (continued)  — 

Union  College  Guards  celebrate  opening  of, 
145;  inaugural  ceremony  of,  at  Albany,  145; 
inaugural  ceremonies  of,  at  New  York,  145- 
150;  ceremony  of  wedding  Great  Lakes  to  the 
Atlantic,  147-148;  procession  in  New  York  at 
inauguration  of,  148-149;  ball  at  the  inaugu 
ration  of,  149-150;  engineers  of,  honored,  149- 
150;  ceremony  at  Buffalo  of  wedding  Great 
Lakes  to  Atlantic  Ocean,  150;  local  influences 
of,  152-177;  distribution  of  real  and  personal 
property  along,  155-158;  improvement  of  land 
along,  158-160;  effected  change  in  highway 
travel,  12,  159;  live  stock  along,  14,  160-161; 
affects  growth  of  Unadilla,  New  York,  12, 
161;  influence  on  foreigners  of,  14,  161-164; 
effect  in  politics,  165-177;  financial  history  of, 
178-194;  early  freight  on,  187;  early  tolls  on, 
189;  first  enlargement  of,  190-194;  "Seymour 
plan"  for  improvement  of,  195  ;  "Nine  Million" 
act  for,  195;  improvement  of,  by  building  a 
thousand-ton  barge  canal,  196-207;  "Black 
Commission"  on,  197;  Governor  Roosevelt  on, 
197-199;  Roosevelt  appoints  committee  of  ex 
perts  to  study  needs  of,  198;  William  F.  King 
on  future  of,  200-204 ;  New  York  Central  Rail- 


Canals 


INDEX  33 


way  and  the,  201 ;  new  barge  canal,  204;  map 
of,   205;  New  York   State  acts   creating  the, 

213-234- 
Forth-Clyde,  14,  89;  built  by  Smeaton,  13,  21; 

Grand  Junction,  14,  9°- 

Holstein,  14,  89. 

Kennet  and  Avon,  mentioned,  14,  9O. 

Languedoc,  built  by  Riquet,  13,   19- 

Leeds  and  Liverpool,  14,  90. 

Louisville  and  Portland,  see  Ohio  River. 

Middlesex:  sketch  of,  14,  93;  engineers  construct 
ing  Erie  Canal  inspect,  105. 

Morris,  incline  planes  on,  13,  193- 

Ohio  and  Lake  Erie,  Schriver  proposes,  13,  75- 

Pennsylvania:  proposed  by  Pennsylvania  legis 
lature,  13,  177;  commissioners  appointed,  177; 
report  of  commissioners,  177-179;  tunnel  prob 
lem  delays,  178-179;  railway  agitation  delays, 
179;  authorized,  182;  bill  creating,  182-191; 
map  of,  185;  divisions  of,  191;  central  division 
begun  and  completed,  191-192;  western  division 
opened,  192;  central  division  comprising  Al 
legheny  Portage  Railway,  see  Railways;  first 
boat  passes  entire  length  of,  206 ;  itinerary  on, 
208-211;  size  and  cost  of,  211-212;  purchased 
by  Pennsylvania  Railway,  215;  abandoned, 


34  INDEX  Canals 

CANALS:  Pennsylvania  (continued)  — 

215;  An  Historical  Account  of  the  Rise,  Prog 
ress  and  Present  State  of  the  Canal  Navigation 
in  Pennsylvania,  quoted,  30. 

Potomac:  proposed,  13,  66;  bill  to  incorporate 
fails,  68-69;  citizens  of  Baltimore  oppose,  69- 
70,  91-93;  name  changed  to  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio,  72. 

Rochdale,  14,  90. 

Schuylkill  and  Susquehanna,  surveyed,  13,  22, 
177,  191. 

Susquehanna,  projected  by  Col.  De  Witt  Clinton, 
12,  161. 

Canandaigua,  terminus  of  stages  on  Genesee  Road 

(1805),  12,  135. 
Canoes:  pioneer  use  of,  9,  102-105;  burdens  carried 

by,  105. 

Carlisle,  Major,  Washington  writes  to,  5,  141. 
Carlisle  (Pennsylvania),  Forbes  conference  of  guides 

at,  5,  100;  Revolutionary  importance  of,  186-187. 
Carpenter's,  12,  46,  47. 
Carr's,   12,   120. 
Cars,  Mr.,  6,  108. 
Carran's,   10,    161. 
Carrel's,  Widow,  12,  54. 


Cayuga  INDEX  35 

Carroll,  Charles,  quoted,  5,  203 ;  director  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railway,  13,  no;  lays  foundation  stone 
of  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway,  107,  108;  heads 
memorialists  to  Congress  asking  for  national  ap 
propriation  for  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway, 
114. 

Carrol's,  4,  196. 

Carter's,  6,  130. 

Cartier,  Jacques,  discoveries  of,  3,  63. 

Carts,  used  on  early  roads,  9,  43. 

Case,  Dr.  Samuel  H.,  immigrating  to  Central  New 
York,  12,  146. 

Cass,  Gen.  Lewis,  10,  162. 

Cassatt,  Alexander,  in  later  history  of  the  Lancaster 
Turnpike,  n,  92-94. 

Casseday,  History  of  Louisville,  cited,  9,  118,  132, 
163. 

Castle  Hill,  Dr.  Walker's  home,  6,  51. 

Catalogue  of  Prehistoric  Works  East  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  I,  73  et  seq.\  2,  92. 

"Catfish  Camp,"  10,  155. 

Catharine  Town  (New  York),  12,  134. 

Catholic  Historical  Researches,  cited,  9,  37. 

Cattle,  driven  by  immigrants  westward,  12,  72,  146. 

Cayuga  Lake,  bridge  to  Geneva  across  (1805),  12, 


36  INDEX  Cayuga 

Cayuga  (New  York),  in  1805,  12,  131. 

Celoron:  Journal,  cited,  9,  22;  expedition  on  the 
Ohio  River,  22-47  >  failure  to  mention  future  site 
of  Fort  Duquesne  explained,  39-40;  English 
traders  warned  by,  41. 

Chamberlain's,  10,  161. 

Chambers's,  12,  56. 

Chambers,  Benjamin:  fortifies  cabin  with  cannon, 
5,  59;  founds  Chambersburg,  59. 

Chambly,  Jacques  de,  7,  52. 

Champlain,  explorations  of,  7,  31-32. 

Chapin,  Israel,  12,  100,  no. 

Chapin,  Phineas,  12,  31. 

Chapman,  Major,  advances  with  van  of  Braddock's 
army,  4,  98. 

Chapman,  Richard,  6,   199. 

Charlotte,  treaty  of  Camp,  6,  87. 

Chastellux,  Marquis  of,  Washington  writes  on  in 
ternal  improvements  to,  3,  199-200. 

Cherokees :  angered  at  Pennsylvania,  5,  85-86 ;  Hen 
derson's  purchase  of,  6,  42-43;  disturb  Kentucky 
pioneers,  135-139;  towns  destroyed  by  Georgians, 

152-153. 

Chesterfield,  quoted,  5,  68-69. 
Chester's  Gap,  4,  195. 
Chestnut  Ridge   (Pennsylvania),  view  of,  10,  65. 


Clark  INDEX  37 

Chestnut  trees,  near  Buffalo  (1805),  12,  142. 

Chew,  Colby,  Dr.  Walker's  companion,  6,  50,  51. 

Childs,  Timothy,  14,  142. 

Chipman,  Ward,  cited,  j,  109. 

Chissel's  Lead  Mine,  6,  58. 

Christian,  Col.  William,  Overhill  Cherokee  towns 
razed  by,  6,  154. 

Cincinnati,  founded,  9,  65;  see  Fort  Washington. 

Clarendon,  10,   161. 

Clark's,  10,   160. 

Clark,  Gen.  George  Rogers:  captures  Illinois  posts, 
6,  161-166;  starts  for  Kaskaskia,  8,  15;  lands  at 
Fort  Massac,  15-16;  acts  on  advice  of  spies,  17; 
Memoir  of,  18,  221-224;  overland  march,  18-32; 
guide  becomes  confused,  27;  captures  Kaskaskia, 
32,  sends  Helm  to  occupy  Vincennes,  32;  loses 
Vincennes,  33;  plans  its  recapture,  33;  departs 
from  Kaskaskia,  33;  march,  34-60;  personal  mag 
netism,  41-49;  accounts  of  the  campaign,  47  et 
seq.\  letter  to  inhabitants  of  Vincennes,  59-60; 
occupies  Vincennes,  60;  present-day  view  of  route 
of,  60-71;  Shawanese  campaign  (1780),  75; 
Miami  campaign  (1782),  75;  Wabash  campaign 
(1786),  77-78;  crossing  place  of  Little  Wabash 
discussed,  225-230 ;  operates  first  gunboat  on  Ohio 
River,  9,  129. 


VERS1TV 


38  INDEX  Clark 

Clark,  Henry,  6,  200. 

Clark,  James,  Pennsylvania  canal  commissioner,  13, 

177. 

Clark,  Lieutenant,  killed  at  Harmar's  defeat,  8,  106. 
Clark,    Lieut.    William,    under    Wayne,    8,    176; 

Journal  of,  205,  et  seq. ;  harshly  criticises  Wayne's 

caution,  211,  213. 

Clark,  Major,  in  St.  Clair's  defeat,  8,  147,  152,  156. 
Clark's  Station,  6,  122. 
Clark's  Store,  on  Braddock's  Road,  4,  195. 
Clary,  William  M.,  12,  84. 
Clawson's,  10,   164. 
Clay,  Henry:  promotes  Cumberland  Road,  10,  46; 

toasted  at  first  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  ban 
quet,  13,  74- 

Clay  City  (Illinois),  Vincennes  Trace  near,  8,  50. 
Clay  City  (Kentucky),  6,  75. 

Claysville  (Pennsylvania),  early  taverns  at,  10,  160. 
Clear  Fields,  The,  5,  23 ;  see  Campagne. 
Cleaveland,  Gen.  Moses,  on  Cuyahoga  River,  i,  64. 
Clinton,  De  Witt:   14,   52,   56,  6061,   150,   180; 

Memorial  by,  62-103. 
Clinton,  Col.  De  Witt,  projects  Susquehanna  Canal, 

12,  161. 

Cloth,  price  in  early  days  in  Ohio  Valley,  12,  75. 
Coachman,    Dickens   describes,    12,    178-180. 


Connellsville  INDEX  39 

Cochran,  John,  6,  202. 

Cocke,  Captain,  6,  105. 

Coffin,  Stephen,  narrative,  quoted,  7,  156-157. 

Colder,  Lieutenant  Governor,  builder  of  first  canal 

in  America,  13,  22. 
Coleman's,  4,   77. 
Collier,  Moses,  6,  201. 
Collin's  Log  Tavern,  10,   154. 
Collins,  History  of  Kentucky,  cited,  2,  29;  6,  182; 

9,  131- 
Colonial  Records  of  Pennsylvania,  cited,  5,   1 8,  22, 

25,  27,  41. 

Columbia  (Ohio),  founded,  9,  65. 
Columbus  Inn,  10,  163. 

Columbus    (Ohio),  early   taverns  in,   10,    163-164. 
Combs,  Kentucky  pioneer  party  joined  by,  6,  116. 
Commercial  Gazette,  Cincinnati,  9,  127-129. 
Commonwealth,   The,  a  Pittsburg  paper  in  which 

Jesse  Hawley  published  first  article  in  favor  of 

Erie  Canal,  14,  48. 
Conegochieque,  see  Conococheague. 
Conestoga  bridge,  12,  61. 
Conestoga  freighter:  described,   10,    129-132;  view 

of,  u,  50. 
Connellsville     (Pennsylvania),     Braddock's      Road 

near,  4,  187. 


40  INDEX  Conococheague 

Conococheague  (Williamsport,  Maryland),  Forbes's 

proposed  rendezvous,  5,  76. 
Contrecoeur:  orders  Villiers  to  attack  Washington, 

3,  154;  early  activity  at  Fort  Duquesne,  4,  31; 

hopeless  situation  of,  115-117. 
Contz's  Harbour,  5,  20. 
Convention,   Indian,   at  Maumee,   8,    179-180;  see 

Roche  de  Bout. 
Cook,  Lieut.  William,  surveyor  Baltimore  and  Ohio 

line,  13,  109,  no. 
Cook,  Tillinghast,  12,  31. 
Cooley,  on  post  roads,  15,  57. 
Cooper,      Peter:      successful      locomotive     "Tom 

Thumb,"  13,  129;  letter  to  William  H.  Brown, 

129. 

Cooper,  William,  12,  31. 
Cordery's,  10,  156. 
Corey,  American  Atlas,  cited,  12,  49. 
Cornplanter :  as  peace  emissary,  8,  1 1 1 ;  at  Maumee 

Convention,  181. 
Cornstalk,    bravery    at   Battle   of   Point   Pleasant, 

6,  87. 

Cort,  Colonel  Henry  Bouquet,  quoted,  5,  38. 
Cory,  Elnathan,  Harmar  crosses  Mad  River  near 

farm  of,  8,  96. 

"Cot  Plains,"  explanation  of  name,  8,  50. 
Coultersville   (Illinois),  Clark's  camp  near,  8,  43. 


Croghan  INDEX  41 

"Cow-Pens,"  description  of  Virginia,  4,  143-145. 

Cox's:  4,  76,  88;  6,   131. 

Cox's  Creek,  Clark's  route  crosses,  8,  30. 

Craig,  John,  6,  130. 

Craig,  N.  B.,  History  of  Pittsburg,  cited,  3,  205; 

The  Olden  Time,  quoted,  4,  166-190. 
Craighill,    Gen.    William    P.,    describes    Braddock 

routes,  4,  78. 
Cramer,  Zadoc:  early  navigation  of  Ohio  described 

by,  9,  73-99 ;  The  Navigator,  quoted,  74-99. 
Crane,    Jonas,    opens    subscription    books    for  Old 

Northwestern  Turnpike,  12,  31. 
Cravens,  Elijah,  6,  199. 
Cravens,  Jesse,  6,  198. 
Crawford,  Andrew,  opens  subscription  books  for  Old 

Northwestern  Turnpike,  12,  31. 
Crawford,  Col.  William,  defeated,  6,  172-173. 
Cresap,  Col.  Thomas:  marks  out  Nemacolin's  Path, 

3,  96;  mentioned  adversely,  4,  76;  eulogy  of,  89; 

Gist  visits,  5,   17- 
Crisman,   Jesse,   owner  of  first  boat   to   cross  Al- 

leghenies  on  Allegheny  Portage  Railway,  13,  206. 
Crock's,  4,   195. 
Crockett,  Joseph,  6,   197. 
Croghan,  George:  Journal,  cited,  I,   116,   121;  2, 

47,  6 1 ;  refers  to  Celoron,  9,  41 ;  description  of 

journey  to  Detroit,  2,   55-61 ;  opening  of  Brad- 


42  INDEX  Croghan 

Croghan  (continued)  — 

dock's   defeat  described   by,   4,   127;  home  near 
present  site  of  Shirleysburg,  Pennsylvania,  5,  ^9- 
Crooked  Creek,  6,  87. 
Crossing-place,  dangers  of,  2,  24,  25. 
"Cross  Keys,"  10,  158. 
Crow's,  12,  141. 
Crow's  Station,  6,  122. 
Crow,  William,  6,  2O2. 
Cumberland,  Duke  of,  Kentucky  River  first  named 

in  honor  of  wife  of,  6,  42. 

Cumberland  Gap:  view  of,  6,  frontispiece;  Dr. 
Walker  describes,  62-63;  Henderson  passes, 
112;  James  Lane  Allen  describes,  205-207. 
Cumberland  (Maryland):  early  name  of,  4,  182; 
old  taverns  at,  10,  159;  view  of  early  houses  at, 
n,  191 ;  Thomas  Wallcutt  at,  12,  51 ;  see  Wills 
Creek. 

Cummings,  William,  7,  155. 
Cummingsville   (Ohio),  St.  Glair's  route  through, 

8,  129. 

Curler,  Arendt  van,  7,  136. 
Curran,  Padtrick,  6,  2O2. 

Custis,  G.  W.  P.,  committeeman  to  memorialize 
Congress  in  behalf  of  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal, 
13,  74- 


Davtfs  INDEX  43 

Cutler,  Ephraim,  Life  and  Times  of,  quoted,  I,  62. 
Cutler,  Manasseh,  efforts  in  behalf  of  Ordinance  of 

1787,  9,  61-63. 
Cypress-tree,  Bigelow  describes,  12,  120. 


DAKIN'S,  12,  52. 
Dana,  Description  of  the  Bounty  Lands  in 

the  State  of  Illinois,  etc.,  5,  21. 
Danworth,  Asa,  salt  works  near  present  site  of  Syra 
cuse,  New  York,  12,  99. 
Dapt,  Captain,  in  Forbes's  campaign,  5,  146. 
Darby,  William,  letter  from  Simeon  De  Witt  to, 

14,  45-46. 
Darke,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  in  St.  Clair's  defeat,  8, 

147,  154. 
Darlington :   Christopher  Gist's  Journals,  cited,  2, 

98 ;  5,  17  ;  Fort  Pitt,  cited,  3,  95  ;  7,  46 ;  9,  29-43  ; 

note  in  Edes's  Journal  and  Letters  of  Col.  John 

May  of  Boston,  cited,  5,  197. 
Davies,  James,  6,  198. 

Davies,  Virginias  Danger  and  Remedy,  cited,  5,  38. 
Davis,  Phineas,  assists  in  inventing  cast-iron  wheels, 

13,   131- 
Davis's,  12,  50. 


44  INDEX  Dawson's 

Dawson's,  12,  50- 
Day,  Sherman,  Historical  Collections  of  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania,  cited,  II,  78;  13,  207. 

Dayton  (Ohio),  Harmar's  route  near,  8,  96. 

De  Bow's  Review,  quoted,  6,  94-100. 

Defiance  (Ohio)  :  Indian  council  on  present  site  of, 
8,  179;  Fort  Defiance  erected,  21 2. 

"Defiance  Fast  Line  Coaches,"  10,  136. 

De  Forest,  William,  quoted,  9,  127-129. 

Delawares:  sketch  of,  3,  59-62;  with  Braddock,  4, 
98;  loyal  in  Revolution,  6,  160;  in  Pontiac's  Re 
bellion,  5,  174- 

Demming,  guide  in  Forbes's  army,  5,  94,  99- 

Denny,  Maj.  Ebenezer:  aide-de-camp  to  St.  Clair, 

8,  134;  Narrative,  quoted,   134  et  seq. 
Denton,  Thomas,  6,  118. 

De  Quindre,   Lieutenant,   in   Hamilton's  army,   7, 

171. 

De  Soto  (Illinois),  Clark's  route  near,  8,  30. 
Detroit:  founded,  3,   54;  Pontiac  attacks,  5,   I71' 

172;    Americans    plan    to   capture,    6,    163-164; 

strategic  commercial  position  of,  in  Washington's 

plan,  13,  39-50. 
Devol,  Captain,  builds  ships  on  Muskingum  River, 

9,  135- 

De  Witt,  Moses,  14,  26. 


Dogs  INDEX  45 

De  Witt,  Simeon:  14,  40;  accords  Morris  honor  of 
originating  Erie  Canal  idea,  45,  52,  58,  150. 

Dexter,  George,  editor  of  Journal  of  Thomas  Wall- 
cutt  in  1790,  12,  43-63. 

Dickens,  Charles,  American  Notes,  quoted,  12,  164- 
I96. 

Dillahunty,  Lieut.  John  N.,  locates  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railway,  13,  109,  no. 

Dillon,  History  of  Indiana,  cited,  8,  89,  157- 

Dinwiddie,  Governor:  attempts  to  stop  French 
advance,  3,  85-119;  letter  to  St.  Pierre,  108-112; 
instructions  to  Washington  (1754),  121-122;  in 
structions  to  Col.  Joshua  Fry,  123-125;  procla 
mation  granting  bounty  lands,  126;  promises  to 
Braddock  unfulfilled,  4,  66. 

Dividing  Ridge,  philosophy  of  the,  12,  197-198. 

Documentary  History  of  New  York,  cited,  2,  78. 

Dodge,  Colonel,  I,  108. 

Dodge,  Hon.  Martin:  Director  Office  Public 
Road  Inquiries,  15,  58 ;  describes  Brownlow  Bill, 
61-63;  Government  Cooperation  in  Object-lesson 
Road  Work,  67-80. 

Dodge,  William  E.,  Old  New  York,  cited,  7,  40. 

Doehurty's  Station,  6,  126. 

Doersh's,  12,  61. 

Dogs,  of  great  use  to  pioneers,  6,  60. 


46  INDEX  Donaldson 

Donaldson,  William,  12,  31. 

Donnelly,  Terence,  12,  150. 

Dorsey,  Green,  6,  202. 

Dougherty,  John,  of  Reliance  Transportation  Line, 
13,  206. 

Doughty,  Maj.  John,  in  Harmar's  campaign,  8,  88. 

Douglas,  History  of  Wayne  County,  Ohio,  cited,  2, 
107. 

Douglass's,  4,  195. 

Dowden's,  4,  76,  85. 

Downer's,  10,  160. 

Dox,  Colonel,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  139. 

"Dragging  Canoe,"  Indians  at  the  battle  of  Long 
Island  Flats  commanded  by,  6,  150. 

Drake,  Dr.  Daniel,  quoted,  8,  91. 

Drake,  Philip,  6,  107,  113. 

Drake's,  10,  161. 

Drake,  Thomas  M.,  10,  207. 

Draper,  Lyman  C. :  work  referred  to,  7,  193; 
Draper  Mss.  cited,  8,  24,  et  seq. ;  on  Clark's  cross 
ing-place  of  the  Little  Wabash,  52-53;  225-230. 

Draper's  Meadows,  6,  30. 

Driver,  Dickens  describes  eccentric  negro,  12,  166- 
171. 

Driving,  styles  of  stage  coach,  10,  181. 

Dudgeon,  Captain,  in  Forbes's  campaign,  5,  146. 


Du  Fernet  INDEX  47 

Duels,  common  in  Wayne's  army,  8,  186. 

Duer  (contractor),  shortsightedness  of,  8,   121. 

Duer,  Col.  William,  leader  in  Scioto  Company,  9, 

62,  69. 

Dugan,  John  S.,  10,  162. 
Dunbar,  Col.  Thomas,  ordered  to  America,  4,  38; 

resentment  of,  at  Little  Crossings,  1 1 1 ;  camp  on 

Laurel  Hill,  131;  defended,  132. 
Dunkan's  John,  on  Wilderness  Road,  6,  no. 
Dunkard's  Bottom,  settled  by  Dr.  Thomas  Eckarly, 

12,  26. 
Dunmore's   War:    whites    responsible    for,    6,    84; 

sketched,   84-88;   Lord   Dunmore's  campaign  in, 

85-87 ;  General  Lewis's  battle  at  Point  Pleasant, 

86-87 ;  result  of,  9,  49. 
Dunn,  History  of  Indiana,  7,  66;  9,  46. 
Dunnings,  Forbes's  guide,  5,  no. 
Dupriest's,  6,  124. 

Duquesne,  Governor,  boast  of,  4,  115. 
Durham  boats,  in  Wisconsin,  7,  186. 
Durning,    S.,    accompanies    Samuel    Henderson,    6, 

103. 
"Dutch,"  Baily  describes  low  Pennsylvania,  n,  130- 

132. 

Dutton,  Lieut.  G.,  10,  83. 
Du  Vernet,  Lieutenant,  7,  171-175. 


48  INDEX  Dwight 

Dwight,    President   Timothy,    journal   quoted,    12, 

150158. 
Dysart,  Major,  mill  of,  6,  124. 


EAGLE  Coach  line,  10,  135- 
Earle,  Alice  Morse,   quoted  2,   75-76. 
Early     History     of     Western     Pennsylvania, 

cited,  9,  38. 

Earth  and  macadam  roads,  view  of,  15,  168. 
Easton  (Pennsylvania),  treaty  at,  5,   147. 
Eaton,  General,  under  Wayne,  8,  176. 
Eaton    (Ohio):    St.    Glair's    route    near,    8,    132; 

Fort  St.  Clair  erected  near,  169. 
Eaton's  Station,  attack  on,  6,  150, 
Eddy,  Thomas,  efforts  for  Erie  Canal,  14,  51,  52, 

58,  60,  150. 
Edes,  Journal   and  Letters   of   Col.  John  May   of 

Boston,  cited,  5,  197. 
Edmund's  Swamp,  5,  20,  23,  no. 
Edwards,  Colonel,  6,  122. 
Edwards,  James,  6,  199. 
Egg  Nogg  Hill,   10,   1 60. 
Egle,  History  of  Pennsylvania,  cited,  5,  187. 


Enoch's  INDEX  49 

"Eight  Million  Dollar  Bill,"  Maryland  passes,  13, 

122. 

Eldridge,  Hon.  M.  O. :  assistant  director  Office 
of  Public  Road  Inquiries,  15,  58;  on  good  roads 
for  farmers,  81-169. 

Elgar,  John,  assists  in  inventing  cast-iron  wheels, 
13,  131- 

Eliot,  President  C.  W.,  on  Washington,  3,  25. 

Elk  Garden,  6,  109. 

Elkhorn  Prairie,  Clark's  route  in,  8,  45. 

Elliott,  Capt.  Matthew,  United  States  Commission 
ers  quartered  with,  8,  189. 

Elliott,  Col.  Robert,  murdered,  8,  194. 

Elliott,  Isaac,  farm  on  St.  Louis  Trace  Road,  8,  68. 

Emerson,  John,  denies  Harmar's  right  to  uproot 
early  settlements  northwest  of  Ohio  River,  9,  58. 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  Society  and  Solitude, 
quoted  on  the  evolution  of  roads,  n,  165. 

Endsley's,  10,   160. 

England:  explorers  do  not  rank  with  the  French, 
6,  45;  packhorse  trails  in,  u,  3031. 

English,  William  H.,  Conquest  of  the  Northwest, 
cited,  8,  32,  et  seq. 

English's  Ferry,  6,  124. 

Enock's,  Henry,  4,  76,  88. 


50  INDEX  Entick 

Entick:  History  of  the  Late  War,  cited,  4,  33  et 

seq.\  tribute  to  Forbes,  5,   160. 
Erie  County  (Pennsylvania),  Sanford's  History  of, 

cited,  2,  no. 

Erie  (Pennsylvania),  see  Fort  Presque  Isle. 
Etting,  Solomon,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  director,  13, 

no. 

Evans,  Estwick,  A  Pedestrious  Tour,  cited,  u,  34. 
Evans  and  Stivers,  History  of  Adams  County,  Ohio, 

cited,  n,  1 60. 
Evans,  History  of  Scioto  County  and  Pioneer  Record 

of  Southern  Ohio,  map  in,  cited,  8,  74. 
Evens,  John,  4,  76,  87. 
Everett,  Edward:  on  character  of  Washington,  3, 

21-22;  eulogy  of  Colonel  Washington,  5,  41;  on 

Cumberland  Road,  10,  185. 

Everts,  Atlas  of  Butler  County,  Ohio,  cited,  8,  195. 
Ewing,  Baker,  6,  199. 
Extracts  of  Letters  from  an  officer  in  one  of  those 

Regiments   to   his  friend  in  London,  quoted,   4, 

136-165. 


FACTIONS,    intercolonial,    regarding   Forbes's 
route,  5,  102. 

Facts  and  Arguments  in  favor  of  adopting  rail 
ways  in  preference  to  canals  in  the  State  of  Penn 
sylvania^  cited,  13,  179-181. 

Fahnstock's,  12,  62. 

Fairfax,  Lord,  humorous  letter  to  Washington, 
5,  42- 

Fairmount  (West  Virginia),  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railway  reaches,  13,  134. 

Fallen  Timber:  common  name  in  West,  8,  182, 
214;  Wayne  wins  battle  of,  214-216. 

Falling  Springs  ( Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania),  n, 
128. 

Farmers :  small  per  cent  of  government  expenditures 
directly  benefits,  15,  21,  25-28;  heavily  taxed  for 
visible  property,  28-29;  accused  of  short-sighted 
ness,  48;  good  roads  for,  81-169. 

Farrier,  John,  6,   103,   104. 

Farrington  (Illinois):  Clark's  camp  near,  8,  47; 
early  name  of,  47. 

Farriss's,  6,  131. 


52  INDEX  Faulkner 

Faulkner,  George  M.,  first  cabin  in  Kentucky  on 

farm  of,  6,  64. 
Faux,  W.,  Memorable  Days  in  America,  cited,  5, 

202. 

Fawcett,  Benjamin,  12,  31. 
Fearnot  Mill,  St.  Glair's  camp  near,  8,  132. 
"Federal  Arms,"  exorbitant  charges  at,  n,  118. 
Federalist,  The,  cited,  15,  52,  58. 
Fenniken's,  10,  154. 
Fenwick,  A.,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  central 

committeeman,  13,  74. 
Ferguson,    Capt.  William,   in   Harmar's  campaign, 

8,  88. 

Fergusson,  guide  in  Forbes's  army,  5,  no. 
Fessenden,  Lieutenant,  surveys  Baltimore  and  Ohio 

route,  13,  109. 
Field's,  12,  47. 
Filson,  John:   itinerary  to  Kentucky,  6,    118-122; 

map  of  Kentucky  by,  119. 
Fink,  Mike,  anecdotes  of,  9,  166-171. 
Finley,   Hugh,  Journal,  quoted,   7,    112-115. 
Finley,  John,  Kentucky  explored  by,  6,  79. 
First  Explorations   of  Kentucky,    I,    in,   et  seq. ; 

6,  72-73. 

Fiske,  John,  New  France  and  New  England,  correct 
account  of  Braddock's  defeat,  4,  127. 


( »«"£;: 

Foot's  INDEX  53 

^i^Of^ 

Fitzgerald,  John,  elected  director  of  Potomac  Com 
pany,  13,  56. 
Fitzhugh,  William  H.,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal 

central  committeeman,  13,  74. 
Flag,  first  American,  unfurled  in  battle  at  Fort  Stan- 

wix,  7,  59. 
Flatboat:   history  of,  9,    113-126;  first  to  descend 

Ohio  River,  123. 

Flatboating,  Civil  War  changes,  9,  123. 
Flatboatmen,  route  of  returning,  9,  125. 
Flat  Prairie,  Clark's  route  in,  8,  43. 
Fleming,    Major-General,    services    in    Erie    Canal 

inauguration,  14,   149. 
Flemming,  Colonel,  6,  86,  130. 
Fletcher,  Calvin,  describes  pioneer  roads,  n,   IOO- 

103. 

Flinn's  Station,  see  Bellville,  West  Virginia. 
Florida  Avenue,   Washington,   D.   C.,   explanation 

of  crookedness  of,  n,  66. 
Flower  Gap,  6,  55. 
Floyd,  Col.  John,  on  Kentucky's  need  of  assistance 

(1782),  6,  183-185. 
Fonda,  John,  14,  27. 
Fontaine,  Maj.  James,   in   Harmar's  campaign,  8, 

88,  105-106. 
Foos's,  10,  157. 


54  INDEX  Foot's 

Foot's,  12,  56. 

Foote,  E.  T.,  7,  154- 

Forbes,  Gen.  John:  early  life,  5,  73-74;  appoint 
ment,  74;  dimensions  of  army  of,  75;  proposes 
Conococheague  for  rendezvous,  76;  little  respect 
for  Sir  John  St.  Clair,  76;  army  compared  with 
Wolfe's  at  Quebec,  76;  advised  by  St.  Clair 
against  Conococheague,  76;  St.  Clair  urges  Rays- 
town  as  rendezvous,  76;  makes  Raystown  base 
of  campaign  of  1758,  77;  letter  to  Bouquet,  May 
2O,  78;  intention  to  march  by  Braddock's  Road, 
79,  82 ;  chain  of  forts  across  Alleghenies  planned 
by,  79-80;  letter  to  Pitt,  on  chain  of  forts,  80; 
Turpin's  essay  Sur  la  Guerre  studied  by,  80; 
handicapped  by  delay,  80;  Highlanders  under,  80; 
correspondence  with  Bouquet  preserved,  81;  fair 
ness  of,  82;  letter  to  Denny,  83;  Braddock's  de 
feat  a  lesson  to,  83;  letter  to  Bouquet,  advising 
care  in  deciding  road  question,  88-89;  letter  to 
Bouquet,  accusing  St.  Clair  of  indecision  and  prej 
udice,  91-92,  95;  letter  to  Bouquet,  favoring 
Pennsylvania  road,  93-94;  factions  attempt  to  in 
fluence,  94;  letter  to  Bouquet,  asking  for  con 
ference  of  guides,  100;  letter  to  Bouquet,  accus 
ing  Virginians  of  partisanship,  102-107;  St.  Clair 
upbraided  by,  105-106;  Colonel  Byrd,  ridiculed 


Forbes  INDEX  65 

by,  1 06;  compares  routes  to  Fort  Duquesne,  107- 
108;  decision  as  to  road  question  referred  to 
Colonel  Bouquet,  108 ;  letter  to  Abercrombie,  con 
cerning  routes  to  Ohio,  108;  letter  to  Bouquet, 
ordering  the  beginning  of  Old  Glade  Road,  116- 
117;  favors  opening  two  routes  westward,  117; 
reasons  for  building  Old  Glade  Road,  124-125; 
St.  Clair  accused  of  partiality  and  treachery  by, 
128-129;  reasons  for  moving  slowly,  131,  134, 
147-148;  an  "unguarded"  letter  of  Washington's 
criticised  by,  135-136;  Washington  misjudges, 
137;  letter  to  Bouquet,  on  new  road,  143;  St. 
Clair  criticised  by,  146-147;  letter  to  William 
Pitt  (September  6),  criticising  Pennsylvanians, 
148-149;  illness  of,  149-150;  French  deceived  by, 
149;  soubriquet  of,  "The  Head  of  Iron,"  150; 
letter  to  Bouquet,  on  Grant's  defeat,  151-152; 
letter  to  Bouquet  (September  23),  152-154; 
Washington's  loyalty  questioned  by,  153;  ques 
tions  Byrd's  loyalty,  153;  French  attack,  at  Fort 
Ligonier,  154;  rain  disheartens,  154-155;  urges 
exploration  of  Braddock's  Road,  155-156;  Aber 
crombie  does  not  write  to,  156;  reaches  Fort 
Ligonier,  156;  hears  of  low  condition  of  Fort 
Duquesne,  157;  advances  upon  Fort  Duquesne, 
I57~I58;  Fort  Duquesne  occupied  by,  158; 


56  INDEX  Forbes 

Forbes  (continued)  — 

Bouquet's  tribute  to,  159;  Parkman's  estimate  of 
victory  of,  159;  death,  159;  eulogy  on,  160-162; 
tribute  of  Entick  to,  162. 

Forbes,  Jonathan,  6,  199. 

Forbes,  Morgan,  6,  199. 

Force,  M.  la,  Half  King's  Indians  scout  for,  3,  138. 

Ford,  William,  14,   181. 

Forman,  Joshua,  bill  for  making  Erie  Canal  pre 
sented  by,  14,  49. 

Formation,  marching:  Forbes,  5,   144;  Harmar,  8, 
96;  St.  Clair,  131. 

Forrest,  B.  S.,  toasts  Clay  at  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Canal  banquet  (1823),  13,  74. 

FORTS- 

Adams :  Wayne  builds,  8,  207 ;  Wayne's  feints  at 
roadbuilding  near,  208. 

Ancient,  I,  88. 

Anne  (Schuyler),  7,  53. 

Bedford:  early  fortification  at,  5,  64;  erection 
of,  79. 

Bull:  French  destroy,  5,  69;  importance  of  posi 
tion  occupied  by,  7,  59. 

Chambers,  5,  59. 

Chambly,  Jacques  de  Chambly  erects,  7,  52. 


Forts  INDEX  87 

Chissel,  6,  25. 

Crevocceur,  7,  36. 

Crown  Point:  failure  of  Johnson  to  capture,  4, 

135;  7,  53- 

Cumberland:  building  of,  4,  24-26;  view  of 
(i755)>  45;  arrival  of  Braddock  at,  90;  de 
scription  of,  90;  life  of  Braddock's  army  at, 
9099;  description  of  Indians  at,  91-93,  94-95, 
96;  departure  of  Braddock's  army  from,  98- 
100;  Braddock's  army  returning  to,  134; 
Bouquet  orders  Washington  to,  5,  85 ;  St.  Clair 
provides  forage  at,  95 ;  road  to  Bedford  from, 
100. 

Defiance:  Wayne  erects,  8,  212;  rich  Indian  fields 
around,  211-212. 

Deposit,  Wayne  builds,  8,  213. 

Detroit:  Pontiac  invests,  5,  171-174;  defense  of 
Fort  Pitt  compared  with  defense  of,  175. 

Duquesne:  erected,  3,  127;  garrison  alarmed  over 
Jumonville's  defeat,  154;  report  to  Braddock 
of  condition  of,  4,  74;  preparations  to  receive 
Braddock  at,  115-117;  Braddock  approaches, 
115-118;  attempt  to  reinforce,  117;  Franklin 
doubts  Braddock's  ability  to  capture,  119; 
scene  before  Braddock's  defeat,  123;  threatened 
from  Pennsylvania,  5,  64;  campaign  of  1758 


58  INDEX  Forts 

FORTS:  Duquesne  (continued)  — 

against,  73 ;  difficulty  of  reaching,  75 ;  question 
of  Forbes's  route  to,  81-123;  Forbes  deceives 
French  at,  149;  Ligneris  in  command  of,  157; 
Forbes  receives  from  prisoners  account  of  poor 
condition  of,  157;  Forbes  occupies,  158. 

Edward,  General  Webb  holds,  5,  70;  7,  53. 

Erie:  Joseph  Brant  at,  8,  188;  13,  47. 

Finney:  location  of,  I,  59;  built,  9,  60. 

Franklin,  5,  46. 

Frederick,  route  to  Fort  Cumberland  by  way  of, 
5,  77,  82,  90;  7,  53. 

Frontenac,  Jesuits  anticipate  Frontenac's  plan  to 
build,  7,  58;  built  by  Frontenac,  58. 

Greenville,  Wayne  builds,  8,  201 ;  cost  of  pro 
visions  at,  201 ;  Wayne's  officers  play  fiver  at, 
201-202;  treaty  of,  217. 

Halifax,  7,  54. 

Hamilton:  built,  8,  130;  St.  Glair's  army  at,  130; 
advance  from,  131-133. 

Harmar:  United  States  Commissioners  hold  to 
boundaries  agreed  upon  in  treaty  of,  8,  189; 
Celoron  on  site  of,  9,  43;  built,  59-60;  Ohio 
Company  emigrants  land  at,  64. 

Hendrick,  14,  27. 


Forts  INDEX  59 

Hunter,  12,  119. 

Ingoldesby,  7,  53,  123. 

Jefferson:  erected,  8,  138;  St.  Glair's  army  at, 
139-142;  St.  Clair  and  Butler  disagree  at,  141. 

Laurens,  6,  164,  167. 

Le  Boeuf,  attack  on  (1763),  5,  173;  7>  63. 

Ligonier:  French  attack,  5,  154;  General  Forbes 
at,  156;  attack  on  (1763),  I73J  Bouquet  mov 
ing  upon  (1763),  177;  origin  of  name  of,  178. 

Long  Island,  6,  25. 

Loramie,  7,  163;  Wayne  builds,  8,  208. 

Loudoun:  5,  46,  57-58;  6,  25. 

Lowther:  5,  45;  repair  of,  54;  Bouquet  at,  79. 

Lyttleton,  5,  55- 

Machault,  see  Fort  Venango. 

Massac,  strategic  position  of,  8,  15-17. 

Massachusetts,  7,  57. 

McDowell,  5,  57. 

Mclntosh,  treaty  of,  9,   50. 

Miami:  Pontiac's  plot  discovered  at,  5,  170;  at 
tack  on  (1763),  172. 

Miamis,  La  Salle  builds,  7,  35. 

Michilimackinac,  treacherous  attack  on,  5,  172. 

Morris,  5,  56. 

Mount  Braddock,  Washington  begins,  3,  154. 


60  INDEX  Forts 

FORTS  (continued)  — 

Necessity:  Washington's  account  of  erecting,  3, 
151;  meaning  of  name  of,  152;  Washington 
compelled  to  occupy,  156;  view  of  site  of,  157; 
battle  of,  159-167;  remains  of,  171-172;  sur 
veyed  by  Freeman  Lewis,  173;  shape  of,  173- 
188;  plans  of,  175,  179;  surveyed  by  Robert 
McCracken,  177;  site  owned  by  Lewis  Fazen- 
baker,  177;  Jared  Sparks's  description  of,  183; 
importance  of  campaign  of,  4,  23. 

Newport,  7,  59. 

Niagara:  Braddock  to  conquer,  4,  43-51,  74; 
failure  of  Shirley  to  capture,  135;  sketch  of,  7, 
60-6 1. 

Nicholson,  7,  53,  123. 

Number  Four,  7,  118-119. 

Old  Fort  Schuyler,  12,  101. 

Oswego:  built,  7,  58;  Montcalm  captures,  5,  68. 

Ouiatanon,  correct  site  of,  7,  66. 

Pennsylvania  forts:  on  frontier,  5,  48-64;  west 
of  Susquehanna,  63. 

Pitt:  origin  of  name,  5,  158;  heroic  defense  of 
(1763),  174-176. 

Presque  Isle:  built,  3,  74,"  attack  on  (1763),  5* 
173;  controls  portage,  7,  63. 

Randolph,  see  Fort  Adams. 


Forts  INDEX  61 

Recovery:  Wayne  builds,  8,  204;  Indians  attack, 
205 ;  Wayne  passes,  206. 

Richelieu,  7,  53. 

Sackville,  Clark  approaches,  8,  57~59- 

Sainte  Terese,  7,   53. 

Sandusky,  attack  on,  5,  171. 

Saratoga,  7,  57. 

Schuyler,  7,  53- 

Shirley,  Kittanning  expedition  rendezvoused  at, 
5,  60. 

Stanwix:  treaty  of  (1768),  6,  21-23;  first  Ameri 
can  flag  unfurled  in  battle  at,  7,  59. 

St.  Clair,  erected,  8,  169. 

St.  John,  7,  53- 

St.  Joseph's,  7,  66. 

St.  Louis,  7,  53. 

Stephens,  7,  121. 

Steuben,  Pennsylvania  militia  ordered  to  ren 
dezvous  at  (1790),  8,  84. 

Ticonderoga:  Montcalm  at,  5,  68;  Abercrombie 
menaces,  73. 

Venango:  built,  3,  78;  Pontiac's  hordes  ruin,  5, 

173;  7,  63. 

Washington:  Harmar's  army  rendezvoused  at,  8, 
84-91;  St.  Glair's  army  at,  124-130;  Wayne 
encamps  at  Hobson's  Choice,  185-195. 


62  INDEX  Forts 

FORTS  (continued)  — 

Watauga:  trail  from  Fort  Chissel  to  Cumber 
land  Gap  ran  by,  6,  29;  treaty  of,  92;  Sevier 
and  Robertson  command,  149;  part  in  Revolu 
tion,  149-156. 

Wayne,  Wayne  erects,  8,  216. 

Western,  7,  54. 

William  Henry:  Montcalm  moves  upon,  5,  69; 
strategic  position  of,  7,  53. 

Williams,  7,  59. 

Winnebago,  7,  66,  186. 

Wood  Creek,  7,  147-148. 

Fort  Recovery  (Ohio)  :  St.  Clair's  army  reaches, 
8,  146;  battlefield  near,  described,  146-147;  dis 
position  of  St.  Clair's  army,  147-148;  St.  Clair's 
defeat  at,  152-156;  Wayne's  soldiers  visit  battle 
ground  at,  203;  build  Fort  Recovery  at,  204; 
Wayne's  skirmish  at,  205 ;  Wayne's  army  passes, 
206. 

Four  Mile  House,  near  Columbus,  10,  159. 

Fox,  Arthur,  6,  198. 

Fox,  Charles  James,  his  opinion  of  Washington, 
3,  21. 

Francis,  Pres.  David  F.,  on  good  roads  and  in 
creased  land  values,  15,  45-46. 


French  INDEX  63 

Frankford  Town,  4,  195. 

Frankfort  (Kentucky),  early  steamboat  building  at, 
9,  138. 

Franklin,  Benjamin:  Braddock's  dependence  on,  4, 
68;  doubts  Braddock's  ability  to  capture  Fort 
Duquesne,  119;  advice  to  sleep  with  open  window 
followed  by  pioneers,  12,  86;  letter  regarding  S. 
Rhoads,  on  American  canal  building,  13,  25-26; 
14,  207. 

Franklin  House,  10,   159. 

Frazer  (guide),  in  Forbes's  army,  5,  100. 

Frazier,  Washington  visits,  3,  98. 

Frederick  the  Great:  in  Seven  Years'  War,  5,  67; 
opinion  concerning  Pitt,  70. 

Fredericksburg  (Maryland),  Francis  Baily  (1796) 
describes,  n,  121-122. 

Freeman:  acts  as  spy,  8,  170;  murdered,  171. 

Freeman,  Journal,  cited,  14,  165. 

Freighters:  how  built,  10,  129-130;  great  loads  car 
ried  by,  131-132. 

Freight  rate:  on  pack-horse  routes,  n,  61 ;  from 
Marietta,  Ohio,  to  Philadelphia,  12,  54;  Alex 
andria,  Virginia,  to  Morgantown,  Virginia, 
(1796),  66. 

French  Creek,  in  Washington's  plan  of  communica 
tion,  13,  38,  45. 


64  INDEX  French 

French  and  Indian  War:  cause  of,  3,  68-71;  Vir 
ginia's  first  appropriation  for,  126;  early  stages 
of,  4,  31-36;  England's  first  appropriation  for,  36; 
pretenses  of  peace  which  preceded,  116;  contin 
uation  of  war  (1755-1758),  5,  35-64;  colonies 
trained  for  Revolution  in,  37-38,  43~44J  Revolu 
tionary  generals  received  their  training  in,  43-445 
campaigns  of  1756,  66;  Pitt's  plan  of  campaign, 
72-73;  details  in  early  campaign  of  1758,  74-9°; 
last  campaign  in  the  West,  77-158. 

French:  familiarity  with  Indians,  3,  80-82;  claim 
Ohio  Valley,  101-102;  colonial  indifference  to, 

125. 
Friend,  Charles,  consulted  by  Washington   (1784) 

as  to  western  routes,   12,  23. 
Friend,  John,  12,  23. 

Friend,  Tim :  12,  49 ;  reputation  as  hunter,  80. 
Froman,  Jacob,  6,  198. 
Frontenac,  7,  34. 
Frontier  forts   and   blockhouses   in    1756,   map   of, 

5,  51- 

Frontier  Forts  of  Pennsylvania,  cited,  2,  89. 
Frostburg   (Maryland):  early  tavern  at,  to,   159; 

mile-stone  on  Braddock's  Road  near,  n,   105. 
Frothingham,  Lieutenant,  8,  106. 
Fry,  Col.  John,  14,  27. 


Gamelin  INDEX  65 

Fry,     Col.     Joshua:     Dinwiddie's    instructions     to 

(1754),  3,  123-125;  death  of,  152;  Dr.  Walker 

at  home  of,  6,  56,  52. 
Fulton,  Robert,  on  Erie  Canal  committee,  14,  56, 

150. 
Fulton  and  Livingston,  build  steamboats  on  Ohio 

River,  9,  137. 
Fulton  House,  10,  158,  160. 


GAFFE,   Col.   John,   commands   New   Hamp 
shire  troops,  7,   1 20. 

Gage,  Lieutenant  Colonel:  advances  from 
Little  Crossings,  4,  in;  in  Braddock's  defeat, 
124,  125,  126,  127. 

Gaither,  Major,  in  St.  Clair's  defeat,  8,  147. 
Galinee,  made  first  map  of  the  upper  lakes,  7,  33. 
Gallatin,    Albert,    Pennsylvania    home    mentioned, 

12,  86. 

Galley  boats  on  Ohio,  9,  129-131. 
Gall's,  10,  1 60. 

Gambling  on  Ohio  River,  9,   182-187. 
Gamelin,  Anthony:  sent  to  sound  Northwestern  In 
dians,  8,  82 ;  report  of,  82-83. 


66  INDEX  Gano 

Gano,  Capt.  John  S.,  builds  Fort  St.  Clair,  8,  169. 
Ganong,  Dr.  William  F.,  A  Monograph  of  Historic 
Sites  in  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick,  quoted, 
7,  94-109. 
Gansen's,  12,  137. 
Garneau,  M.,  cited,  3,  82. 
Garnet's  Mill,  William  Brown  at,  4,  194. 
Garret,  guide  in  Forbes's  army,  5,  100. 
Gates,   General:   in    Braddock's   campaign,   4,    86; 
appointed     on     Virginia    committee     concerning 
Potomac  improvement,  13,   5°- 
Geddes,   James:  estimates  cost  of   Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal,  13,  88 ;  esteems  Morris  as  originator 
of  Erie  Canal  idea,  14,  46,  51,  53,  55-56,   109, 
115,   149,   1 80;  honored  at  inauguration  of  Erie 
Canal,  149. 
Gelston,  G.,  12,  145. 
"Gen.  Andrew  Jackson,"  10,  158. 
Genesee  Messenger,   articles   by   Jesse    Hawley   in, 

14,  48. 

Genesee  Street,  origin  of  name,  12,  100. 

Gentleman  s  Magazine,  quoted,  on  treachery  of 
sending  Braddock  to  Virginia  instead  of  to  Penn 
sylvania,  4,  56. 

George,  Capt.    (Indian),  i,  59. 


Gist  INDEX  67 

George,  King,  speech  at  the  opening  of  Parliament, 

1754,  4,  35- 
Georgetown    (D.   C.)  :     Baily   describes,   n,    117; 

prophesies  (1796)   that  Washington  will  absorb, 

117. 

German  Flats  (New  York),  12,  122. 
Gerrard:  acts  as  spy  for  Wayne,  8,  170;  murdered, 

171. 

Gethrop,  Thomas,  12,  31. 

Gibault,  Vincennes  won  over  to  Clark  by,  8,  32. 
Gibson,  Colonel,  in  St.  Clair's  defeat,  8,  151-152. 
Gibson's,  10,  156. 
Gilbert's,   10,   164. 
Gillespie,  on  grade  of  roads,  15,  96. 
Gillis,  David,  6,  202. 
Gilpin,  George,  elected  director  Potomac  Company, 

13,   56. 

Gilpin,   Joshua,   14,   93. 

Girty,  Simon:  in  Revolution,  6,  160,  173-174;  at 
McKee's  house  during  convention  at  Roche  de 
Bout,  8,  191. 

Gist,  Christopher:  Journal,  cited,  2,  98,  108;  guides 
Washington  over  Nemacolin's  Path,  3,  96;  in 
Fort  Necessity  campaign,  138;  French  ruin  house 
of,  140;  in  Braddock's  campaign,  4,  114;  Old 


68  INDEX  Gist 

Gist  (continued)  — 

Trading  Path  followed  by,  5,  17-19;  Ohio  Com 
pany  engages,  6,  70;  instructions  of  Ohio  Com 
pany  to,  70-72;  sketch  of,  72-73;  West  explored 
by,  73-76;  secures  mammoth  bones,  74;  route  in 
Kentucky,  75-76;  comparative  success  of  explora 
tions  of,  76. 

Gist,  General,  Washington's  opinion  of,  8,  173. 

Givens,  Lieut.  W.,  6,  129. 

Glades   (Allegheny),  described,  12,   79-80. 

Gladwin,  Major,  Detroit  defended  by,  5,  171. 

Gleaver's,  10,  161. 

"Globe,"  10,  163. 

Globe  Inn,  10,  155. 

"Golden  Lamb,"  10,   163. 

"Golden  Swan,"  10,  158. 

"Good  Intent  Coach  Line,"  10,  135. 

GOOD  ROADS- 

Basic  principles  of  movement,  15,  17,  49. 

Beginning  of  movement,  15,  75. 

Churches,  as  affected  by,  15,  20. 

Country  living,  decline  of,  15,  23,  35~37>  4°-43- 

Corduroy  roads,  modern:  defined,  15,  123;  Gil- 
more  on,  123-125;  see  Corduroy  Roads. 

Crooked  roads,  not  much  longer  than  straight,  15, 
92-93- 


Good  Roads  INDEX  69 

Crops,  15,  3031;  as  affected  by,  46-47. 

Drainage:  need  of,  15,  96-97;  first  principles  of, 
98-100;  fallacy  of  building  "breaks,"  102-103; 
side  ditches,  103-104;  ditches  must  not  become 
gullies,  104;  how  effected,  104-105;  dangerous 
action  of  water,  how  avoided,  105-106;  under 
drainage,  106-107 ;  subdrains,  107-108. 

Eldridge  on  principles  of,  15,  85,  et  seq. 

Education,  as  related  to,  15,  18-20,  31-33- 

Earth  roads,  construction,   15,    108-123. 

Grading:  formerly  ignored,  15,  88;  a  study  in 
(illustration),  89;  most  important  factor  in 
road-building,  92;  ill  consequence  of  lack  of 
proper,  94;  heavy  loads  impossible  where  road- 
builders'  neglect  proper,  94-95 ;  regulation  of 
heavy,  95. 

Gravel  roads:  principles  of,  15,  126-140;  view  of, 
127. 

Land,  untilled,  in  relation  to,  15,  44-46. 

Libraries  and  hospitals  made  available  to  rural 
residents,  15,  21. 

Macadam  roads:  view  of,  15,  83;  the  ultimate 
American  road,  86;  principles  of,  142-160;  cost 
of,  164-165;  Page  on  "Selection  of  Materials 
for,"  170-189;  ideal  described,  174;  best  stone 
for,  174-176;  costly  experiments  on,  177-178; 
considerations  to  be  noted  concerning,  178-181 ; 


70  INDEX  Good  Roads 

GOOD  ROADS  (continued)  — 

statistics  gathered  in  France,  181 ;  trap  rocks 
often  useful,  184;  trappa,  derivation  of,  184; 
testing  rocks,  186-187;  laboratories  for  testing, 
188. 

Mecklenburg  County,  North  Carolina,  prosperity 
under,  15,  44-45.  % 

Moral  question  of,  15,  17-18. 

National  Aid,  Dodge  on,  15,  51-64. 

New  Jersey  and  state  aid,  15,  51. 

New  York  plan  of  state  aid,  15,  51. 

Ohio  and  state  aid,  15,  51. 

Pennsylvania  and  state  aid,  15,  51. 

"Pig-track  surveys,"  fallacy  of  following,  15,  87. 

Railways  favor,  15,  43-44,  46,  78. 

Sand  clay  road,  view  of,  15,  115. 

Schools:  dependent  on,  15,  18;  President  Jesse  on 
consolidated  buildings  for,  19;  comparative  ex 
pense  of  country  and  city,  32-33. 

Section  lines,  cannot  be  built  economically  on, 
15,  87. 

Social  intercourse  and,  15,  23. 

State-aid  plan  described,  15,  50-51. 

Steel  track,  view  of,  15,  66. 

Stone  roads,  principles  of  building,  15,   190-211. 

Straightness  must  be  sacrificed  for  proper  grades, 
15,  91-92. 


Graham  INDEX  71 

Supervisors,    deficient    in    skill    and    means,    15, 

71-72. 
Surfacing:  general  principles  of  proper,  15,   100- 

101 ;  materials  for,   141-142. 
Telford  roads:  preparation  of  foundation  for,  15, 

157;  cost  of  building,  in  New  Jersey,  164-165. 
Train,  Southern  Railway's  good  roads,  view  of, 

15,  59- 

"Good    Roads    for    Farmers,"    by    Hon.    M.    O. 

Eldridge,  15,  81-161. 
Gordon,  Captain,  5,  96. 
Gordon,  Capt.  John,  6,  129. 
Gordon,  Harry:  author  of  Morris  Journal,  4,  80; 

begins  Braddock's  Road,  99;  map  of  Ohio  River, 

9,  48. 
Gordon,  denies  Proctor  transportation  to  Maumee, 

8,  112. 

Goreville  (Illinois),  Clark's  route,  8,  27. 
Gorman,  Senator  A.  P.,  president  of  Chesapeake  and 

Ohio  Canal  Company,  13,  163. 
Government    Cooperation    in     Object-lesson    Road 

Work,    by    Hon.    Martin    Dodge,    quoted,    15, 

67-80. 

Graded  Way,  Pike  County,  Ohio,  I,  88. 
Graham,  History  of  Fairfield  and  Perry  Counties, 

Ohio,  cited,  n,  166. 


72  INDEX  Grahame 

Grahame,  Kenneth,   The  Golden  Age,  quoted,  10, 

175. 

Grand  Cote  Prairie,  Clark's  route  in,  8,  43. 

Grand  Point,  see  Richview,  Illinois. 

Grant,  James,  Forbes's  messenger,  5,  93. 

Grant,  John,  6,  200. 

Grant,  defeated  by  Aubrey,  5,  151,  178. 

Grant's  Hill,  battle  of,  5,  151,  178. 

Grantsville  (Maryland),  early  taverns  at,  10,  159. 

Gray,  Joseph,  6,  198. 

Great  Crossings  (Smithfield,  Pennsylvania),  loca 
tion  of,  4,  1 86. 

Greaf  Falls,  Potomac  Company  canal  completed 
around,  13,  62. 

Greathouse  Crossing,  Clark  crosses  Crab  Orchard 
Creek  at,  8,  29,  30. 

Great  Meadows:  location  of,  4,  186;  Sampey's 
Tavern  at,  10,  160. 

Green,  Andrew  H.,  on  Black  Commission,  14,  197. 

Green,  George  E.,  on  Roosevelt  Erie  Canal  com 
mittee,  14,  198. 

Greenaway's,  6,  131. 

Green  Bay,  Michigan,  I,  49. 

Greene,  Francis  V.,  Roosevelt  addresses  Erie  Canal 
letter  to,  14,  197. 


Gwyn's  INDEX  73 

Greene,  Gen.  Nathaniel,  Fort  Greenville  named  by 

Wayne  in  honor  of,  8,  201. 
Greenfield's,  10,  160. 
Green's,  10,  156. 
"Green  Tree,"  10,  158,  162,  164. 
Greenville  (Ohio)  :  St.  Glair's  army  reaches,  8,  142; 

desertions  at,  143;  Wayne's  army  at,  201-205. 
Green,  Willis,  6,  199. 
Gregg's,  10,   155. 
"Griffin,"  La  Salle  builds,  7,  35. 
Groseilliers,   discovers  the  Mississippi,  7,    182. 
Gross's,  12,  60. 
Groves's,  10,  156. 
Grundy,  Samuel,  6,  199. 
Guion,  Mr.,  surveys  Baltimore  and  Ohio  route,  13, 

109. 

Gunboat  on  Ohio,  9,  129. 
Gwynn,  Lieut.  Walter,  surveys  Baltimore  and  Ohio 

route,  13,   109,   no. 
Gwyn's,   on   Braddock's   road,   4,    195;   7,   78;    10, 

32-34- 


HABLITZELL'S,  10,  159- 
Hagerstown  (Maryland),  described  by  Baily 
(1796),  u,   126. 

Haldeman's  Mills,  4,  195. 

Half  King:  Washington's  relations  with,  3,  100- 
108;  Joncaire's  rebuke  of,  101-102;  letter  of 
warning  to  Washington  from,  134. 

Halket,  Maj.  Francis,  Washington  forecasts  failure 
of  Forbes  to,  5,  112-113. 

Halket,  Sir  Peter:  ordered  to  America,  4,  38;  at 
Fort  Cumberland,  90;  departs  from  Fort  Cum 
berland,  99 ;  advances  from  Little  Crossings,  1 1 1 ; 
death  of,  130. 

Hall,  Capt.  Basil,  on  corduroy  roads,  n,  72-?3- 

Hall,  Judge  James,  Legends  of  the  West,  quoted, 
II,  175-201. 

Hall,  Major,  in  Harmar's  campaign,  8,  87,  105. 

Hall's,  12,  136. 

Halsey,  Francis  Whiting:  The  Old  New  York 
Frontier,  quoted,  12,  143-163;  The  Pioneers  of 
Unadilla  Village,  cited,  144. 


Hardin  INDEX  75 

Halsey,  Gains  Leonard,  M.  D.,  Reminiscences  of 
Village  Life  and  of  Panama  and  California  from 
1840  to  1850,  cited,  12,  158. 

Haltz's,  10,   156. 

Hamilton,  Lieut.-Gov.  Henry:  Vincennes  recap 
tured  by,  6,  164;  Clark  captures,  165-166;  Vin 
cennes  campaign  of,  7,  168-178;  MS.  Journal 
cited,  170175. 

Hamilton,  Lieut.  John,  chaplain  in  Braddock's 
army,  4,  94- 

Hamilton  (Ohio),  Wayne's  road  in,  8,  195. 

Hamilton's,  12,  62. 

Hammond,  Political  History  of  New  York,  cited, 
14,  165,  166. 

Hamtramck,  Major,  letter  to  St.  Clair,  on  situation 
in  Northwest,  8,  83. 

Hancock  (Maryland),  condition  of,  in  1790,  12,  52. 

Hand,   General,   Washington's  opinion   of,   8,    173. 

Hanks,  Abraham,  emigrates  to  Kentucky,  6,  107, 
109,  no,  in. 

Hanna's,  12,   153. 

Hannastown    (Pennsylvania),  5,   186-188. 

Han's  Meadow,  6,  124. 

Harbison's,  6,   122. 

Hardin,  Col.  John:  in  Harmar's  campaign,  8,  88, 
102-106;  goes  as  messenger  to  Indians,  170;  mur 
dered,  171;  scalp  identified  by  May,  182. 


76  INDEX  Hardy 

Hardy,  Governor,   5,  65. 

Harlan,  Maj.  Silas,  6,  129. 

Harland's,  6,  122. 

Harmar,  Gen.  Josiah :  contracts  for  supplies,  8,  85 ; 
asked  to  interest  influential  Kentuckians,  85 ; 
campaign  of  1790,  86-107;  route  of,  89-100; 
testifies  in  St.  Clair  court  martial,  126-127;  de 
mands  court  martial,  129;  ordered  to  prevent 
early  immigration  to  northern  shore  of  the  Ohio, 
9,  55 ;  reports  uprooting  settlements  north  of  the 
Ohio,  59. 

Harmar  Papers,  cited,  9,  60. 

Harmon's  Journal,  quoted,  7,  188. 

Harness,  John  G.,  12,  31. 

Harness,  Joseph,  12,  89. 

Harper,  Alexander,  12,  145. 

Harris,  George  H.,  Aboriginal  Occupation  of  the 
Lower  Genesee  Country,  2,  78-85. 

Harris,  John,  describes  Old  Trading  Path,  5,  23. 

Harris,  Pittsburgh  Business  Directory  for  the  year 
1837,  cited,  9,  107,  134- 

Harris's,   12,    131. 

Harris,  Thomas  G.,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal 
contractor,  13,  158. 

Harris,  Tour,  cited,  9,  106,  127,  134;  12,  70. 


Hawley  INDEX  77 

Harrison,  E.  G.,  Stone  Roads  in  New  Jersey,   15, 

190211. 
Harrison,   Gov.    Benjamin,   Washington  writes  on 

internal  improvements  to,  3,   197-198,  201. 
Harrison,  Mr.,   locates   Baltimore   and   Ohio  Rail 
way,  13,   109. 
Harrison,  William  Henry:  at  erection  of  Fort  St. 

Clair,  8,  169;  under  Wayne,  176;  nominated  for 

president,  14,   170171,   175. 
Harrod,    Capt.    W.,    commanded    a    company    in 

Clark's  force,  8,  222. 

Harrodsburg  (Kentucky),  settlement  of,  6,  80. 
Hart,  David,  6,  91,   102,    113,   136. 
Hart,  Erie  Canal  Commissioner,  14,  149. 
Hart,  Nathaniel,  6,  200. 
Hartley's,  n,   137. 
Harvey's,  10,   156. 

Harvey's  Point,  on  Kaskaskia  Trace,  8,  67. 
Hastings's,  10,  160. 
Hathaway,  Judge,  address  at  breaking  ground  for 

Erie  Canal  at  Rome  (New  York),  14,  116. 
Havre  de  Grace  (Maryland),  Baily  describes,  u, 

109-110. 

Hawkins,  John,  6,  198. 
Hawley,  Jesse:  articles  advocating  Erie  Canal,  14, 


78  INDEX  Hawley 

Hawley  (continued)  — 

48;   influence  in   originating  Erie  Canal,   48-49; 

address  at  opening  of  Erie  Canal,  139. 
Hawley,  M.  S.,  Origin  of  the  Erie  Canal,  quoted, 

14,  48,  HO-II2,  116,  119;  cited,  51. 
Hay,  Major,  7,  173. 
Hays,  James,  6,   199. 
Hazen,  Brigadier  General,  letter  to  General  Irvine, 

5,  189- 

Hazzard,  Lieut.  R.  E.,  surveys  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
route,  13,  109,  no. 

Headley,  Usal,  10,  162. 

Heckewelder,  John:  Map  of  Northeastern  Ohio, 
1*7961  2,  101 ;  on  derivation  of  name  Ohio,  9, 
17-19. 

Heighway,  Mr.:  early  pioneer  in  Ohio,  n,  116; 
route  in  Ohio,  146-150. 

Helm,  Captain :  occupies  Vincennes,  8,  32 ;  captured 
by  Hamilton,  33 ;  Clark  mentions,  222. 

Henderson,  Col.  Richard:  ancestry,  6,  88-89;  early 
life,  89-91 ;  anecdote  illustrating  self-confidence, 
89-91 ;  Transylvania  Company  formed  by,  91-92; 
Boone  negotiates  Watauga  treaty  for,  92 ;  departs 
for  Kentucky,  101-102;  diary  while  going  to  Ken 
tucky,  101-107;  joins  Calk's  party,  in;  crosses 
Cumberland  Gap,  112,  115;  letter  to  Joseph 


Hildreth  INDEX  79 

Martin,  133-134;  Boone  writes  to,  143;  Watauga 
*  purchase  repudiated  by  Virginia  and  North  Caro 
lina,  144;  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  reim 
burse,  144. 

Henderson,  Major  Pleasant,  brother  of  Richard 
Henderson,  6,  88-89. 

Henderson,  Nathaniel,  brother  of  Richard  Hender 
son,  6,  88. 

Henderson,  Samuel,  father  of  Richard  Henderson, 
6,  88,  102,  103,  104. 

Hening,  Statutes  at  Large,  cited,  13,  58,  et  seq. 

Hennepin,  7,  36. 

"Hercules,"  signature  of  Jesse  Hawley,  q.  v. 

Herdman,  William,  farm  on  Wayne's  Road,  8, 
196. 

Herrin's  Prairie  (Illinois),  St.  Louis-Shawneetown 
Trace  in,  8,  28. 

Hewett,  D.,  American  Traveller,  n,  56,  118. 

Hides,  brought  from  Illinois  to  Pittsburg  in  1796, 
12,  87. 

Higginson,  Henry,  12,   118. 

Highland  Hall,  10,  159. 

Hildreth,  Dr.  S.  P.:  Pioneer  History,  cited,  I,  62; 
2,  1 8,  109,  122;  9,  130;  12,  64;  "Early  Immigra 
tion,"  quoted,  5,  197;  immigrants  on  Old  Glade 
Road  described  by,  197-199. 


80  INDEX  Hill 

Hill,  Gen.  A.  P.,  Dr.  Walker  an  ancestor  of,  6,  51. 

Hill's,  10,  155. 

Hillsborough,  efforts  to  limit  the  boundaries  of  Vir 
ginia,  6,  20-23. 

Himberlin,  Abraham,  6,  201. 

Hinch's  Spring,  13,  68. 

Hind's  House,  4,  194. 

Hinman,  Colonel,  exhibit  at  Erie  Canal  inaugural 
ball,  14,  150. 

Hinsdale,  B.  A.,  The  Old  Northwest,  7,  36,  73 ;  9, 
68. 

Historical  Account  of  the  Rise,  Progress  and  Present 
State  of  the  Canal  Navigation  in  Pennsylvania, 
quoted,  13,  30. 

History  of  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  quoted,  8,  91. 

Kite,  Abraham,  6,  199;  12,  25. 

Hite,  Isaac,  6,  199. 

"Hit  or  Miss,"  first  boat  to  cross  Alleghenies  on 
Allegheny  Portage  Railway,  13,  206. 

Hobbs,  Joshua,  6,   198. 

"Hobson's  Choice,"  Wayne's  camp  named,  8,   186. 

Hodgdon,  Quartermaster:  shortsightedness  of,  8, 
121,  127;  hastening  provision  trains,  139-140. 

Hoffman,  George,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  di 
rector,  13,  no. 
Hogan,  Richard,  6,  118. 


Howell  INDEX  81 

Hogg,  Captain,  5,  32. 

Hogg,  James,  6,  91. 

Holgate,  Col.  Jacob,  Pennsylvania  Canal  commis 
sioner,  13,  177. 

Holland,  J.  G.,  Bay  Path,  cited,  2,  75. 

Holland  Purchase  line,  12,  138. 

Holland,  W.  N.,  Life  and  Political  Opinions  of 
Van  Buren,  14,  170. 

Holley,  Myron,  Erie  Canal  commissioner,  14,  149, 
1 80. 

Hollidaysburg  (Pennsylvania),  Eastern  terminus  Al 
legheny  Portage  Railway,  13,  198-199. 

Holmes,  Andrew,  6,  200. 

Home,  description  of  an  interesting  pioneer,  12,  79. 

Hood's,  6,  123. 

Hoolen's,  6,  123. 

Hoover,  Gen.  C.,  large  load  hauled  by  horses  of,  10, 

131- 

Hoover's,  10,  161. 

Hosmer's,  12,  137. 

Hotchkiss,  Lemuel,  12,   150. 

Houseboatman,  typical  Ohio  River,  9,  178-182. 

House,  John,  12,  109. 

Howard,    William,     locates   Baltimore     and    Ohio 

Railway  line,  13,  109. 
Howell's  Map,  Baily  cites,  n,  124. 


82  INDEX  Howe 

Howe's  Historical  Collections  of  Ohio,  cited,  2, 
104,  107. 

Hudgins,  Daniel,  6,  199. 

Hughes,  James,  6,  200. 

Hughes,  Philip,  chaplain  in  Braddock's  army,  4,  94. 

Hughs,  John,  6,  50. 

Hulbert,  A.  B.,  Colonel  Washington,  3,  n;  Red 
Men's  Roads,  cited,  7,  162;  The  Old  National 
Road,  cited,  10,  12. 

Hulbert,  Rochester  (New  York)  committeeman  on 
Erie  Canal  inaugural  celebration,  14,  142. 

Hulme's  Journal  in  W.  Cobbett,  A  Year's  Resi 
dence  in  the  United  States,  cited,  II,  55. 

Humphreys,  David,  Washington  writes  on  internal 
improvements  to,  3,  195-196. 

Hunter,  James,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  con 
tractor,  13,  159. 

Hunter,  Harris  and  Company,  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal  contractors,  13,  159- 

Hunter's,  10,  159. 

Hunting  Ground:  Pyankeshaw's,  2,  57;  Ottawas, 
60. 

Huntington,  General,  Washington's  opinion  of,  8, 

173. 

Hunt,  Menad,  12,  146. 
Hursey's,  10,  162. 


Indians  INDEX  83 

Hutchins,  Thomas,  map  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania 
based  on  map  of,  2,  105 ;  sketch  of  the  Wabash,  8, 
35- 


ILLINOIS:  archaeological  map  of,  i,  55;  map 
of,  showing  George  Rogers  Clark's  routes,  8, 
21. 

Immigration  to  northern  shore  of  Ohio:  difficulty 
of  restraining,  9,  53 ;  forbidden,  55. 

Incline  planes:  on  Morris  Canal,  13,  1 93-194;  <>n 
Allegheny  Portage  Railway,  193-205. 

"Indian  Queen,"  10,  158;  n,  127. 

Indiana,  archaeological  map  of,  I,  55. 

Indianapolis  (Indiana)  :  Cumberland  Road  at,  10, 
8 1 ;  taverns  at,  164. 

Indians:  dexterous  in  steering  courses  in  forests,  2, 
32,  33 ;  hunting  grounds,  45,  46;  number  in  West 
in  1775,  3,  63;  treatment  by  French  and  English 
compared,  80-84;  English  officer's  description  of, 
4)  91-93;  dance  described,  153-156;  French  re 
tain  affection  of,  5,  165;  never  occupied  Old 
Southwest,  6,  26;  British  agents  goad  to  war, 
149-155;  attempt  neutral  policy,  157-160. 


84  INDLX  Indians 

Indians,  Mound-building:  new  conceptions  of,  I, 
37,  et  seq.\  ancestors  of  later  Indians,  38;  dis 
tribution  of  mounds  of,  43;  population  heavy 
where  Indian  population  was  heavy,  45 ;  centers 
of  population,  45;  seats  in  Ohio,  46;  interior 
location  of  mounds,  46-47 ;  seats  in  Michigan, 
49;  located  on  small  streams,  58;  traveled  by 
land,  60,  61;  roads  of,  90-92;  migrations  of,  95. 

Indian  Point,  Clark's  encampment  at,  8,  26. 

"Indian  Side"  of  Ohio,  significance  of,  9,  50. 

"Indian  Stones,"  beside  trails,  2,  28. 

Indian  War  (1790-95):  Indians'  strategic  position 
during,  8,  72-74 ;  waged  by  same  nations  engaged 
in  former  wars,  80-8 1 ;  renewed  threats  of  in 
1791,  109-113;  United  States  attempts  to  avert, 
112-114;  St.  Clair  continues,  108-159;  Wayne 
ends,  160-218. 

Influence  of  the  Erie  Canal  upon  the  population 
along  its  course,  by  Julius  Winden,  14,  152-177. 

Inglis  Ferry,  6,  30. 

Ink's,  10,  1 60. 

Inland  Lock  Navigation  Company,  Reports  of: 
cited,  14,  26;  quoted,  27,  28-29,  et  seq. 

Innes,  Judge,  on  Indian  atrocities  preceding  Indian 
War,  8,  79,  83-84. 

Innis,  Hon.  Harry,  6,  201-202. 


Iroquois  INDEX  85 

Innis,  Henry,  6,  197. 

Intemperance,   Revolutionary  generals   given  to,  8, 
174. 

Interior,  Report  of  Department  of,  cited,  I,  128-131- 

Interior,  The,  3,  n. 

Internal    Improvements:    Washington    inaugurates, 
3,  189-215;  on  Ohio  River,  9,  189-220;  Cumber 
land    Road    built,    10,     18-57;    constitutionality 
questioned,    57-60;    Harriet   Martineau's  version 
of  the  pros  and  cons,  60-64 ;  Zane's  Trace  opened 
by   National  Government,   n,    156-166;   Mays- 
ville    Road    bill    passed    by    Congress,    167-168; 
Jackson    vetoes,    169-173;    Washington    inaugu 
rates    Potomac    Company,    13,    33-645    National 
Government   surveys   route    for   Chesapeake   and 
Ohio   Canal,   77-78;   takes   stock   in   Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Canal,   112;  refuses  to  subscribe  stock 
in  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway,    113-114;  pro 
posal  to  aid  Erie  Canal  by  sale  of  western  lands, 
14,  58-59;  see  Good  Roads. 
Inter-Ocean,  Chicago,  quoted,  I,  109. 
Iowa,  roads  heavier  grade  than  mountain  roads  of 

Switzerland,  15,  88. 

Iroquois:  dominion  of,  3,  47-51;  at  Treaty  of  Fort 
Stanwix,  6,  22;  chiefs  visit  Washington,  8,  165- 
166. 


86  INDEX  Irvine 

Irvine,  Gen.  William:  Washington  addresses  on  in 
ternal  improvements,  3,  200;  Washington's  pri 
vate  opinion  of,  8,  173-174;  on  low  social  condi 
tions  in  early  days  of  Pittsburg,  9,  67 ;  owns  land 
in  the  West,  12,  77. 

Irwin,  Thomas,  account  of  Harmar's  and  St.  Clair's 
campaigns,  quoted,  8,  89,  et  seq.]  231-237. 

Israel's,  10,  156. 

Ithaca  (Ohio),  Wayne's  Road  near,  8,  196. 


JACK,   Captain,   Braddock  ignores,  4,   113-114. 
Jackman,  Richard,  6,  199. 
Jackson,  Andrew,  Maysville  Road  bill  vetoed 
by,  n,  167-174. 
Jacob's,  12,   52. 

Jefferson,  on  internal  improvements,  15,  56. 
Jenkins,  Political  History  of  New  York,  cited,  14, 

1 66,  1 68,  169. 
Jesse,   President   Richard   H.,   on   good   roads   and 

consolidated  school-houses,  15,  19. 
Jesuit  Relations  and  Allied  Documents,  cited,  2,  19, 
27,  3i,  33,  34,  35,  43,  46,  62;  9,  26,  31,  32,  35, 
46. 


Jones  INDEX  87 

John  Filson,  I,  126. 

Johnson,  E.  F.,  promoter  of  improved  Erie  Canal, 

14,  190. 

Johnson,  Guy:  Map  of  the  Country  of  the  Six 
Nations,  2,  69;  Sir  William  Johnson  builds 
Pride's  tavern  for,  12,  119. 

Johnson-Hatfield  House,  10,  160. 

Johnson,  Joseph  E.,  surveyor  on  Cumberland  Road, 
10,  77. 

Johnson,  J.  S.,  First  Explorations  of  Kentucky, 
cited,  6,  48,  et  seq. 

Johnson,  Mr.,  14,  142. 

Johnson's,  10,  156. 

Johnson,  Sir  William:  Virginia  boundary  extended 
by,  6,  22;  Journal  (1761),  7,  47;  Pride's  tav 
ern  built  by,  12,  119;  "first  settlement"  on  the 
Mohawk,  14,  27. 

Johnson,  Thomas,  elected  director  of  Potomac 
Company,  13,  55- 

Johnson,  William,  12,  31. 

Johnstown  (Pennsylvania),  western  terminus  of 
Allegheny  Portage  Railway,  13,  200. 

Joliet,  explorer,  7,  33-34- 

Joncaire:  Washington  visits,  3,  104-108;  Celoron's 
agent,  9,  28,  35,  37,  44. 

Jones,  History  of  Juniata  Valley,  cited,  2,  17,  86-88. 


88  INDEX  Jones 

Jones,  John,  6,  201. 

Jones,  Talbot,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  director,  13, 
I  JO. 

Jones,  Walter:  committeeman  to  memorialize  Con 
gress  for  aid  for  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal, 
13,  74;  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  central  com 
mitteeman,  74. 

Joplin's,  Thomas,  6,  54. 

Jouett,  John,  6,  198. 

Joy,  Captain,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  139. 

Juchereau,  Fort  Massac  site  of  trading  station  of, 
8,  1 6. 

Jumonville,  Sieur  de:  advance  from  Fort  Duquesne, 
3,  140-142;  Washington  attacks,  142-150;  view 
of  ledge  from  which  Washington  fired  upon,  145 ; 
claim  concerning  ambassadorship  answered  by 
Washington,  147-150;  Washington  tricked  to  ac 
knowledge  assassination  of,  164. 

"June  Bug  Coach  Line,"  10,  125. 

Juniata  Valley,  Jones's  History  of,  2,  17,  86-88. 


KACKANAPAULINS,  5,  20,  23. 
Kaskaskia   (Illinois),   Clark  occupies,  8,  31- 

32. 
Keel-boat:  history  of,  Ohio  River,  9,  107-113 ;  crews, 

described,   161-172. 
Keen,  Samuel  G.,  5>  2O2. 
Kelley,  Hugh,  on  Black  Commission,  14,  197. 
Kennedy,    Lieut.    John,    killed    at    Battle    of    Blue 

Licks,  6,  129. 

Kennedy,  Thomas,  6,  200. 
Kennedy,    commissary    sent    by    Clark    to    explore 

neighborhood  of  Vincennes,  8,  56. 
Kent,  Chancellor,  Erie  Canal  bill  saved  by  vote  of, 

14,    IIOII2. 

Kent,  Hon.  Joseph,  chairman  of  public  meeting  pro 
moting  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  13,  70. 

Kenton,  William,  6,  202. 

Kent's,  Mrs.,  6,  130. 

Kentucky:  first  hunters  in,  6,  31-32;  debt  of  Vir 
ginia  to,  41;  derivation  of  name,  41-42;  early 
stations  in,  44;  pure  English  blood  in,  45-46; 


90  INDEX  Kentucky 

Kentucky  (continued)  — 

Gist  explores,  74-76;  early  hunters  in,  78-80; 
settlements  of  1774  in,  80;  Filson's  map  of,  119; 
raid  of  Bird  into,  168-169;  debt  of  Old  North 
west  to,  190;  important  part  in  western  history, 

190-193. 

Kentucky  Gazette,  cited,  6,  192. 
Kentucky  Inn,  10,  160. 
Keppel,  August,  British  American  fleet  commanded 

by,  4,  39- 
Kerr,  Joseph,  Cumberland  Road  commissioner,  10, 

26. 
"Key  of  Keys,"  location  near  Washington,  D.  C., 

discussed,  4,  78. 
Keys's,  10,  160. 

Kickener  Paulins,  see  Kackanapaulins. 
Kincaid,  Capt.  Joseph,  6,  129. 
King,   Mr.,   trees  at  Braddock's   grave  planted  by, 

4,  2II-2I2. 

King,  Rufus,  Ohio,  cited,  9,  64. 

King,  William,  6,  197. 

King's,  n,  142. 

Kingsford,  W.,  History,  Structure  and  Statistics  of 

Plank  Roads,  cited,  n,  98,  et  seq. 
Kirtland,  Rev.  Samuel,  urged  to  pacify  Iroquois,  8, 

163-164. 


Lambing  INDEX  91 

Kittanning  campaign,  history  of,  5,  6062. 

Klein,  Theodore  B.,  The  Canals  of  Pennsylvania 
and  the  System  of  Internal  Improvements,  cited, 
13,  192. 

Knight,  Jonathan :  Cumberland  Road  in  Ohio  lo 
cated  by,  10,  77-78;  on  board  of  engineers,  Balti 
more  and  Ohio  Railway,  13,  no;  assists  in  in 
venting  cast-iron  wheels,  131. 

Knox,  Col.  James:  Kentucky  explored  by,  6,  79- 
80;  acts  as  commissioner  of  Wilderness  Road, 
201. 

Knox,  David,  6,  198. 

Kortright,  John,  12,  148. 

Kortright  (New  York),  early  days  at,  12,  158. 

Kruder,  "Arks"  invented  by,  9,  127. 

Krudener,  Baron,  rides  in  sail-car,  13,  128. 


LAFAYETTE  Amphitheatre,   Erie   Canal  in 
augural  ball  held  in,  14,  149-150. 
Laird's:  12,   126;  genteel  conditions  at,   127. 
Lake  Erie,  early  description  of,  2,  61. 
Lambing,   Catholic  Historical  Researches,  cited,  9, 
37- 


92  INDEX  Lancaster 

Lancaster  (Pennsylvania)  :  terminus  of  first  United 

States  macadamized  road,   n,   74;  Wallcutt  in, 

(1790),  12,  60-61. 
Lancaster,  Treaty  of,  3,  84. 
"Landlord's  Coach  Line,"  10,  125. 
Land   Records    of    Allegheny    County,    Maryland^ 

cited,  5,  33. 
Lane,  George  S.,  12,  30. 
La  Salle:  explorations  of,  7,  33-37;  discovered  Ohio, 

9,  21. 
Latrobe,  Benjamin  H.,  describes  sail-car  "^olus," 

13,  127. 

Laurel-hanne,  location  of,  5,  18. 
Laurence,  David,  12,  145. 
Lawless,  Henry,  in  Dr.  Walker's  exploring  party, 

6,  50. 
Lawrence,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  commander  at  Nova 

Scotia,  4,  49. 
Lawrence's,   n,   127. 

Leavett,  Mr.,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  142. 
Lebanon  (Ohio),  Harmar's  route  near,  8,  91,  93. 
Le  Caron,  on  the  Ottawa  route,  7,  31. 
Le  Clercq,  Etablissement  de  la  Foi,  cited,  7,  106. 
Lee,  Arthur:  route  on  Old  Glade  Road,  5,    199; 

9,  63. 


Lewis  INDEX  93 

Lee,  Henry,  Washington  writes  on  internal  im 
provements  to,  3,  196. 

Lee,  John,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  central 
committeeman,  13,  74. 

Lee,  Richard  Henry,  Washington  consults  on  Po 
tomac  improvement,  13,  54- 

Lee,  Thomas  Sim,  elected  director  of  Potomac  Com 
pany,  13,  55- 

"Legion  of  the  United  States,"  proposed  by  Knox, 
8,  162. 

Legionville,   Wayne  establishes,  8,    177. 

Lehman's,  10,  159. 

Lehu  Town,  4,   195. 

Lemon,  Washington's  guide  in  the  Alleghenies,  12, 
22. 

Lenan  (Illinois),  Clark  camps  near,  8,  30. 

Letter  Relating  to  the  Ohio  Defeat  (1755),  cited> 
4,  58,  et  seq. 

Letters  on  Canals,  by  Schuyler  and  De  Witt,  cited, 

14,  40. 
Lewis,  Gen.  Andrew,   Shawanese  campaign  of,  6, 

85-88;  9,  49- 
Lewis,  Joseph,  6,  199. 
Lewis,  Morgan,  quoted,  14,  43~44- 
Lewis,  Nicholas,  6,  198. 


94  INDEX  Lewis 

Lewis,  Samuel,  Map  of  Virginia,  cited,  12,  49. 

Lewis,  Thomas,  6,  198. 

Lewis's,  Widow,  4,  195. 

Lewis's,  14,  25. 

Lightall,  Mr.,  14,  26. 

Ligneris,  Fort  Duquesne  commanded  by,  5,  157. 

Lincoln,  Gen.  Benjamin:  Washington's  private 
opinion  of,  8,  172-173;  appointed  to  treat  with 
Indians,  184. 

"Lion  and  the  Eagle,"  10,  163. 

Literature,  pioneer,  12,  58,  86,  155. 

Little  Backbone  Mountain,  first  American  tunnel 
planned  under,  13,  68. 

Little  Crossings,  Braddock  at,  4,  no. 

Little  Falls  (New  York)  :  Bigelow  describes 
(1805),  12,  12 1 ;  old  portage,  14,  18-19;  early 
canal,  28-29;  Erie  Canal  at,  132;  view  of  Erie 
Canal  at,  133;  see  Mohawk  River. 

Little  Meadows,  Braddock  at,  4,   185,   186. 

"Little  Turtle":  defeats  Harmar,  8,  102-107;  de 
feats  St.  Clair,  152-156. 

Lively  Prairie,  Clark's  route  in,  8,  43. 

Live,  William,  6,  200. 

Livingston,  John,  12,  148. 

Livingston,  Robert,  appointed  on  Erie  Canal  com 
mittee,  14,  56,  150;  see  Fulton. 


Loramie  INDEX  95 

Load,  heavy,  drawn  on  plank  road,  n,  99? 

Locher's,  12,  62. 

Lockhart,  Josiah,  12,  30. 

Locomotives,  experimental,  13,  127-129. 

Logan,  Colonel,  arrival  in  Kentucky,  6,  43-44,  2OI. 

Logan,  Hugh,  6,  199. 

Logan,  Indian  chieftain,  murder  of  relatives  of,  6, 

85. 

Logston,  Joseph,  12,  24. 
Logston,  Thomas,  12,  24. 
Loland,  M.,  6,   124. 

Lombard  trees  at  Utica,  New  York,  12,  126. 
London  Evening  Post  (1755),  cited,  4,  59. 
London  Public  Advertiser,  cited,  4,  127;  5,  38. 
"Long  Hunters,"  Kentucky  explored  by,  6,  80. 
Longino,    Hon.  A.   H.,   on   good  roads  movement, 

15,  78-80. 

Long  Island  Flats,  battle  of,  6,  149-151. 
Long,  Lieut.   Col.   Stephen   H.:  locates  Baltimore 

and   Ohio   Railway  line,    13,    109,    no;   surveys 

route  for  Allegheny  Portage  Railway,   197. 
Long  Prairie,  Vincennes  Trace  in,  8,  52. 
Long's  Ordinary,  6,  123. 
Loramie's  Store:  strategic  position  of,  7,   162-164; 

George    Rogers   Clark    raids,    8,    76;    Harmar's 

army  at,  99. 


96  INDEX  Lorman 

Lorman,   William,    Baltimore    and    Ohio   Railway 

director,  13,  no. 

Losantiville,  see  Fort  Washington. 
Lossing,  Empire  State,  cited,  14,  173. 
Loudoun,  Lord:  Montcalm  outwits,  5,  68;  writes 

Denny  on  early  condition  of  Old  Glade  Road,  78. 
Loudoun   (Pennsylvania),  packhorse  rendezvous  at, 

5,  58. 

Louisbourg,  Amherst  attacks,  5,  73. 
Lowdermilk,  History  of  Cumberland,  cited,  3,  173- 

188. 

"Lower  Prairie,"  Clark's  route  from,  8,  58. 
Lowry,  guide  in  Forbes's  army,  5,  100. 
Loyalhanna,  Bouquet  decides  route  of  Old  Glade 

road  to,  5,  no. 
Loyal  Hanny,  see  Loyalhanna. 
Loyal  Land  Company  of  London:  Dr.  Walker  rep 
resents,  6,  49;  legal  improvement  made  by,  64. 
Ludlow,  Israel,  St.  Clair  upbraids,  8,  135. 
Ludlow's   Station,    St.   Clair's   army  encamped   at, 

8,   129. 

Luke's,  12,  139. 
Luttrell,  John,  Kentucky  pioneer,  6,  91,  102,   103, 

104. 

Lutz's,  12,  55. 
Lyles,   William,   and   Company,   furnish   liquor  to 

Potomac  Company  workmen,  13,  60. 


McAFEE,  James,  met  by  Henderson  returning 
from  Kentucky,  6,  106. 
McArthur,  Duncan,  9,  69. 
Macauley,   Patrick,    Baltimore    and    Ohio   Railway 

director,  13,  no. 
McAuley,  Rev.  Mr.,  12,  158. 

Macbean,  Colonel,  Morris  Journal  owned  by,  4,  79. 
McBride,  Capt.  W.,  6,   129. 
McCartin's,  12,  78. 

McCauley's,  settlement  on  Little  Wabash,  8,  52. 
McClellan's,  10,  158. 
McClung,  Joseph,  Harmar's  army  camps  on  farm 

of,  8,  92. 

McCormack's,  10,   155. 
McCracken's,  12,  53,  139- 
M'Croskey,  Doctor,  in  St.  Glair's  army,  8,  151. 
McCullough's  Gazetteer,  quoted,  9,  149. 
McDonald's,  10,   161. 
M'Dowell,  John,  opens  subscription  books  for  Old 

Northwestern  Turnpike,  12,  31. 
McDowell,  Samuel,  6,  200. 


98  INDEX  McDowell 

McDowell,  William,  6,  197. 

McDowell's  Mill  (Pennsylvania),  strategic  posi 
tion  of,  5,  46;  n,  129. 

McFarlain,  etiquette  in  blockhouse  tavern  of,  12, 
84-86. 

McFarren's,  12,  52. 

McGary,  Col.  Hugh,  emigrates  to  Kentucky  with 
Daniel  Boone,  6,  118. 

McGaw's,  Widow,  5,  85. 

Mclntire,  John:  tavern,  10,  156;  assists  Zane  in 
marking  Zane's  Trace,  n,  158. 

Mclntosh,  General,  Washington's  opinion  of,  8, 
173. 

Mclntyre,  A.,  comptroller  of  New  York,  14,   184. 

McKay,  Captain,  3,   131-132. 

McKee,  Col.  Alexander:  turns  renegade,  6,  160; 
influences  Indians  at  Roche  de  Bout  convention, 
8,  191. 

M'Kim,  Isaac,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  di 
rector,  13,  no. 

McKinney,  John,  6,   198. 

McKinney's,  10,  161. 

McLean,  John,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  cen 
tral  committeeman,  13,  74. 

MacLean,  John,  Mound  Builders,  cited,  i,  65,  92. 

M'Machen,  Samuel,  12,  31. 


Magazine  INDEX  99 

McMahon,  John,  early  mill  near  Old  Portage 
Road,  7,  154. 

McMahon's,  10,  160. 

McMaster,  Professor  John  B.,  History  of  the  Peo 
ple  of  the  United  States',  quoted,  5,  I93-J94;  I2> 
147,  165;  cited,  14,  165. 

"McMillin's  Spring,"  Harmar's  route  near,  8,  91. 

M'Mullen,  Major,  in  Harmar's  campaign,  8,  87, 
105. 

McMurran,  Widow,  view  of  Tavern  of,  n,   134. 

McMurtrey,  Captain,  8,  106. 

M'Murtrie,  Sketches  of  Louisville,  i,   116. 

McMurtry,  Ensign  John,  6,  129. 

"McNair  and   Company's  Mail  Coach  Line,"   10, 

137- 

M'Neil,  Daniel,  12,  31. 
McNeill,    Capt.    William    G.,    outlines    route    of 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  13,  78,  109,  no. 
Mabey's,  John,  14,  26. 

"Mad  Anthony  Street,"  Cincinnati,  8,  129,  195. 
Madison  (Pennsylvania),  Braddock's  Road  near,  4, 

1 88. 
Madison,  President  James,  Erie  Canal  encouraged 

in  message  of,  14,  57-58. 
Magazine  of  American  History,  cited,  8,    I74>  9 

26,  41. 


100  INDEX  Magazine 

Magazine  of  Western  History,  cited,  7,   183. 
Mail  boats,  first  Ohio  River,  9,  130. 
Mail  coaches,  on  Cumberland  Road,  10,  142-151. 
Mail,   hauled   in   crates   through   Indiana   mud   to 

Chicago,  n,  103. 

"Mail  Pilot  Coach  Line,"  10,  135. 
Mail  service:  efficiency  between  New  England  and 

Ohio  Valley    (1796),   12,   65,  66;  schedules  on 

Cumberland  Road,  10,  144-148. 
Manlius  (New  York),  in  1805,  12,  129. 
Manning's   Mill,   Harmar  crosses   Miami  near,  8, 

98. 

Margry,    Decouvertes    des    franqais    dans   JJAmer- 

ique  Septentrionale,  quoted,  7,  167. 
Marietta,  Ohio,  founded  by  Ohio  Company,  9,  64. 
Marin,  expedition  of,  7,  156-160. 
Marquette,  reaches  the  Mississippi,  7,  34-35. 
Marshall,  O.  H.,  "Celeron's  Expedition,"  cited,  9, 

26,  41. 
Marshall's  Shoals,  Clark  crosses  Big  Muddy  River 

at,  8,  29. 

Marshall's,  10,  157,  160. 
Martin,  Capt.  Joseph,  6,  102,  103,  in,  124,  131, 

132-137;  letters  of  Henderson  to,  133-134,  137- 

139. 
Martin,  Solomon,  12,  146,  148. 


Maysville  INDEX  101 

^^*     •   Or 

Martineau,  Harriet:  quoted  on  internal  improve 
ments,  10,  61-64;  on  corduroy  roads,  n,  69-70. 

Maryland  Archives,  cited,  4,  76. 

Maryland,  Atlas  of,  cited,  12,  23. 

Mason,  John:  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  central 
committeeman,  13,  74;  committeeman  to  memor 
ialize  Congress  in  behalf  of  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Canal,  74. 

Massac  Creek,  Clark's  men  land  at  mouth  of,  8, 
17-19. 

Massachusetts,  opening  early  road  in,  n,  34-35 ;  Bay 
Path  in,  see  Bay  Path. 

Massie,  Life  of  Nathaniel,  cited,  6,  182;  9,  69. 

Matrimony,  President  Winston  on  poor  roads  and, 
15,  24. 

Matthews,  General,  14,  142. 

Maumee  City  (Ohio),  first  settlement  of  whites  in 
Ohio  at,  7,  65. 

May,  Col.  John,  Journal,  5,   197. 

May,  William:  acts  as  spy,  8,  170;  experiences  of, 
182-183;  put  to  death,  213. 

Mayer,  Charles  F.,  effects  compromise  between 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  and  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal,  13,  116. 

May's  Lick,  6,  179. 

Maysville  (Illinois),  near  present  Clay  City,  8,  53. 


102  INDEX  Maysville 

Maysville  (Kentucky),  9,  70,  89,  128;  n,  156-157. 

Meadow-in-the-Hole,  see  Oakdale,  Illinois. 

Meason's,  Col.  Isaac,  10,  35. 

Mellar,  William,  6,  133. 

Memorial  of  the  Citizens  of  Cincinnati  to  Congress, 
quoted,  9,  144,  204. 

Mentgetz,  Colonel,  testifies  in  St.  Clair  court  mar 
tial,  8,  126. 

Menzons,  Jonas,  convention  for  new  state  north  of 
the  Ohio  called  for  at  house  of,  9,  58. 

Mercer,  C.  F. :  toast  at  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Ca 
nal  banquet,  13,  73 ;  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal 
central  committeeman,  74;  oration  at  inaugura 
tion  of  canal,  104-105;  said  to  have  blocked  a 
government  appropriation  for  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railway,  114. 

"Merino  Lamb,"  10,   162. 

Mermet,  mission  on  site  of  Fort  Massac,  8,  16. 

Metropolis  (Illinois),  site  of  Fort  Massac,  8,  15. 

Miamis:  ancient  boundaries  left  undisturbed  by 
Iroquois,  3,  47 ;  ringleaders  of  last  Indian  con 
federacy,  8,  79. 

Michigan  Pioneer  Collections,  cited,  7,   180,  et  seq. 

Military  Tract,  given  by  New  York  to  Revolu 
tionary  veterans,  12,  129. 


Moore's  INDEX  103 

Miller,  Abraham,  12,  30. 

Miller,  Christopher:  captured  from  Indians,  8,  202; 
comes  with  message  to  Wayne  from  White  Eyes, 
212. 

Mills,  Captain,  12,  43. 
Miner's,  4,   77. 
Missouri:   need  of   good   roads,    15,    19;   David   R. 

Francis  on  value  of  good  roads  to,  45-46. 
Moccasin  Gap  (Illinois),  8,  19,  27. 
"Monks  Mound,"  Dickens  describes,   12,   194-195- 
Monongahela  House,  10,  160. 
Monroe  House,  10,  160. 
Monroe,  President,   Cumberland   Road  bill  vetoed 

by,  10,  57-60. 

Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  see  Parkman. 
Montcalm :  arrives  in  America,  5,  68 ;  Fort  William 

Henry  conquered  by,  69-70. 
Montgomery,    Capt.   John,   commands   company   in 

Clark's  Illinois  campaign,  8,  221. 
Montgomery,  Thomas,  6,   199. 
Montgomery,  William,  Jr.,  6,  197. 
Montgomery,  William,  Sr.,  6,  199. 
Montour's,  5,  19. 
Moody,  Mr.,  12,  43. 
Moore's,  10,  156;  12,  57. 


104  INDEX  Moore 

Moore,  Sir  Henry,  suggests  Mohawk  River  im 
provement,  14,  19. 

Moore,  Thomas,  Cumberland  Road  commissioner, 
10,  26. 

Moore,  Thomas,  verses  on  Virginia  roads,  n,  70 

71- 

Mohawk  Valley:  Indian  names  of  points  in,  7,  136- 
138;  Bigelow  on  morality  of  (1805),  12,  125. 

Moran  House,  10,  158. 

Morgan,  Gen.  Daniel:  Washington's  private  opin 
ion  of,  8,  174;  consulted  by  Washington  (1784) 
as  to  westward  routes,  12,  17. 

Morgan  County,  Ohio,  History  o/,  cited,  2,  109. 

Morgantown  (West  Virginia),  in  1796,  described, 
12,  71-72. 

Morris,  Col.  Staats  Long,  journeys  on  Catskill 
turnpike,  12,  144. 

Morris,  David  H.,  Narrative,  quoted,  8,  89,  et  seq. 

Morris,  Gen.  Jacob,  letter  to  Governor  Clinton,  12, 
145. 

Morris,  Gouverneur:  Erie  Canal  proposed  by,  14, 
43-45,  52,  150;  Life  of,  by  Sparks,  cited,  44. 

Morris,  Governor  R.,  Road  for  Braddock  opened 

by,  5,  25-34- 

Morris,  John  B.,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  di 
rector,  13,  no. 

Morris,    Rev.    Francis-Orpen,    editor    of    Morris 


Murray 


INDEX  105 


Journal,  4,  79- 

Morris,  Robert,  president  of  the  "Society  for  pro 
moting  the  improvement  of  roads  and  inland 
navigation,"  13,  28. 

Morris  Journal:  editions  of,  compared,  4>  8083; 
quoted,  83-107. 

Morris  Map  of  1749,  cited,  7,  55- 

Morrow,  Josiah:  an  authority  on  Harmar's  cam 
paign,  8,  75;  corrects  Armstrong's  Journal,  92, 
94. 

Mosby,  Robert,  6,   198. 

Moultrie,  General,  Washington's  opinion  of,  8,  173. 

Mountain  Spring  Tavern,  10,  159. 

Mountain  Tavern,  4,  195. 

Mount  Braddock:  Washington  expected  to  fortify, 
3,  154;  Braddock's  Road  near,  4,  187. 

Mount  Erie  (Illinois),  Vincennes  Trace  near,  8, 
50. 

Mount  Pleasant   (Pennsylvania),  Braddock's  Road 

near,  4,  188. 

Moylan,  John,  6,  200. 

Murdering  Town,  attempt  to  assassinate  Washing 
ton  at,  3,  114- 

Murphy's,  n,  141. 

Murray,  Charles  Augustus:  Travels  in  North 
America,  quoted,  n,  56-59;  description  of  west 
ern  tour  of,  12,  197-202. 


106  INDEX  Murray 

Murray,  W.  H.  H.:  quoted,  3,  40;  15,  23. 

Muter,  George,  6,  200. 

Myer,  Michael,  12,  100. 

Myers,   Jacob,   operates   first   mail   boats   on    Ohio 

River,  9,  130. 
Myers,  Widow,  5,  186. 
Mynderse,  Colonel,  14,  48, 


NAMES,    strange    derivation    of,    in    western 
history,  9,   19. 

Nashville  (Illinois)  :  Clark's  route  near,  8, 
45 ;  Prairie,  45. 

National  Aid:  Good  Roads  and,  15,  51-64;  in  road- 
building,  Martin  Dodge  sketches  history  of,  67- 
70. 

National  House,  10,  158. 

National  Intelligencer,  cited,   13,   74,  et  seq. 

"National  Stage  Coach  Company,"   10,   124. 

Navigator,  quoted,  9,  73-99,  125,  136,  139. 

Naylor,  William,  12,  31. 

Neal,  James  H.,  12,  32. 

Neal's,  10,  164. 

Neil  House,  10,  163. 


Nolin  INDEX  107 

Neil,  Moore  and  Company,  coach  line,  10,  135. 

Neill,  Stephen,  12,  31. 

Nellis's,  14,  27. 

Nelms,  Sandy  Alexander,  on  St.  Louis  Trace  Road, 

8,  68-69. 

Nelson's,  Widow,  4,  194. 
Nesbit,  John  Maxwell,  aids  Potomac  improvements, 

13,  59- 

Neville,  Col.  Joseph,  Washington  quotes,  13,  37. 

New  Carlisle  (Ohio),  Harmar's  camp  near,  8,  96. 

Newcastle,  Duke  of:  incapability,  4,  34-35;  First 
Lord  of  the  Treasury,  5,  70. 

New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register, 
cited,  2,  67,  74. 

New  France,  early  French  in,  3,  64-66. 

New  Jersey:  and  State  Aid,  15,  51;  road  improve 
ment  in,  165-166;  Harrison  on  stone  roads  in, 
190-211. 

New  York:  social  life  in  1796  described  by  Francis 
Baily,  n,  114-116;  map  of  western  (1809),  12, 
123. 

Nicholas,  George,  6,  197. 

Nicollet,  7,  32. 

Niles  Register,  quoted,  13,  71,  et  seq. 

Nixon's,  10,  164. 

Nolin,  Carte  du  Canada,  cited,  7,  50. 


108  INDEX  Norris's 

Norris's,  10,   160. 

North,  William,  of  early  Erie  Canal  commission, 

14,  52. 

North  Bend   (Indiana),  founded,  9,  65. 

Northern  Ohio  Historical  Society  Publications, 
cited,  2,  99. 

Northwest  Territory:  defense  shifted  from  colonies 
to  United  States,  8,  78 ;  Arthur  St.  Clair  inaugu 
rated  governor  of,  9,  64. 


OAKDALE    (Illinois),   Clark's  camp  near,  8, 
44-45- 

Object-lesson  roads,  15,  76-80. 
O'Callaghan,  Documentary  History  of  New  York, 

cited,  2,  78. 

Office  of  Public  Road  Inquiries :  Government  estab 
lishes,  15,  58-61 ;  laboratory  established,  76. 
O'Hara,  James,  quartermaster  to  Wayne,  8,  194. 
Ohins  (guide),  5,  IOO. 
Ohio,  by  Rufus  King,  cited,  9,  64. 
Ohio:  archaeological  map  of,  i,  52;  first  settlement 
of  whites  in,  7,  65 ;  first  turnpike  in,  n,  104;  cut 
ting  pioneer  road  in  southwestern,  148-150;  State 
aid  in,  15,  51. 


Ombra  INDEX  109 

Ohio  Company:  buildings  erected  at  Wills  Creek 
by,  3,  95 ;  Christopher  Gist  engaged  by,  6,  70  ; 
officers  of,  69-70. 

Ohio  Company  of  Associates:  formed,  9,  6061;  in 
terdependence  of  Ordinance  of  1787  on,  61,  62; 
pioneers  of,  en  route  to  Ohio,  63,  64. 

Ohio  National  Stage  Company,  10,  125-126. 

Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Quarterly, 
cited,  3,  1 1 ;  4,  89. 

Olden,  J.  G.,  Historical  Sketches  and  Early  Rem 
iniscences  of  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  quoted,  on 
Harmar's  route  from  Fort  Washington,  8,  89-90. 

Olden  Time,  The,  cited,  I,  121 ;  2,  72;  9,  132. 

Oldham,  Colonel,  urges  Slough  to  report  to  St. 
Clair,  8,  151. 

Old  Northwest,  debt  to  Kentucky,  6,  190. 

Old  Portage  Road,  see  H.  C.  Taylor. 

Old  Southwest,  sketch  of  Virginia's  occupation  of, 

6,  23-47- 

"Old  State  Ford"  (Illinois),  see  Welge  Station. 

Old  Town  (Maryland),  12,  52. 

Oliver,  Robert,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  di 
rector,  13,  no. 

Olney  (Illinois),  Clark  crosses  Fox  River  near,  8, 
55,  64. 

"Ombra  Creek,"  see  Embarras  River. 


110  INDEX  Oneida 

Oneida  Lake,  in  Washington's  plan  of  communica 
tion,  13,  47- 

Oneida    (New  York),   first  cleared  lands    (1805) 
west  of  Utica,  12,  128,  135. 

Onondaga   Hollow,    early  settlement  of,    12,    128- 
129. 

Opie,  H.  L.,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  central 
committeeman,   13,  74. 

"Orange  Tree,"  10,  161. 

Orchards,    cut    down    in    General    Sullivan's   cam 
paign,  12,  134-135. 

Ord,  Captain,  4,  43. 

Ordinance  of   178?:  cited,   2,   54;  9,   51;  interde 
pendence  of  Ohio  Company  on,  62. 

Orendorffs  rapid,  14,  28. 

Oriskany  (New  York),  local  names  for,  12,  127. 

Orr,  Alexander  D.,  6,  200. 

Osgood,  Samuel,  9,  63. 

Ottawas:  origin  of  name,  I,  47;  Pontiac  a  chief  of, 
5,  168. 

Ouicatanon   (Ouiatenon)   Croghan  at,  in   1765,  2, 
58. 

Overhill  Cherokee  towns,  2,  65. 

Overton,  Capt.  Clough,  6,  129. 

Owen's  ordinary,  4,  76. 

Oyster-shell  object-lesson  road,  view  of,  15,  137. 


PACKHORSE  days:  n,  26-28;  loads  carried 
by,  29- 
Page,  Judge,  12,  162. 

Page,  Professor  L.  W.:  Office  of  Public  Road  In 
quiries  laboratory  in  charge  of,  15,  58-6 1 ;  on 
materials  for  macadam  roads,  170189. 

Paille  Coupee,  Celoron  at,  9,  29-32. 

Paine,  Edward,  12,  145. 

Painted  Post  (New  York),  General  Pickering  holds 
convention  at,  8,  112. 

Painted  Stone,  village  by  name  of,  2,  29. 

Palmer  House,  10,  164. 

Parberry,  James,  6,  200. 

Parish,  Mr.,  14,  45. 

Parker,  Alexander,  6,  200. 

Parker,  Hugh,  erects  buildings  for  Ohio  Company 
at  Wills  Creek,  3,  95- 

Parker,  Lieut.  Robert,  Journal  of,  in  Pennsylvania 
Magazine,  quoted,  11,  25. 

Parker's,  12,  25. 

Parkman,  Francis,  works,  cited,  5,  71,  74,  151*  X59; 

9,  37- 


112  INDEX  Partridge 

Partridge,  Colonel,  on  Roosevelt  Erie  Canal  com 
mittee,  14,  198. 

"Passed  meeting,"  Quaker  phrase  used  in  connec 
tion  with  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  13,  73. 

Paterson's  on  Roanoke,  6,  121. 

Patterson,  Captain:  guide  in  Forbes's  army,  5,  99; 
sent  to  explore  Old  Glade  Road,  no. 

Patterson,  Major,  in  St.  Clair's  defeat,  8,  147. 

Patterson,  Robert,  6,  198. 

Patterson,  William,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway 
director,  13,  no. 

Pawling,  Henry,  6,  197. 

Peach,  Captain,  7,  106. 

Peachy,  Major,  Braddock's  Road  opened  by  (1758), 

5,  96. 

Peacock,  Engineer  William,  builds  western  section 
Erie  Canal,  14,  106. 

Peden's,  Colonel,  12,  60. 

Pendleton,  P.  C.,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  cen 
tral  committeeman,  13,  74. 

Pendleton's  Ford,  4,  194. 

Pentland's  Journal,  I,  61. 

Pennsylvania:  and  State  Aid,  15,  51  ;  suffering  after 
Braddock's  defeat,  5,  48. 

Pennsylvania  Archives,  cited,  2,  103,  no;  5,  22, 
23. 


"Pig-track"  INDEX  113 

Pennsylvania  Gazette,  General  Forbes  eulogized  by, 
5,  160162. 

Pennsylvania,  History  of  Western,  I,  61. 

Pennsylvania  House,  10,   159. 

Perrett,  William,  6,  200. 

Peters,  Richard,  quoted,  5,  188. 

Petersburg  (Maryland),  early  taverns  at,  10,   159. 

Petty,  William,  6,  2O2. 

Phelps  Prairie,  Clark's  route  in,  8,  24,  25,  27,  28. 

Philadelphia  House,  10.   160. 

Philadelphia  Press,  cited,  n,  74. 

Philippe,  Louis,  anecdote  of,  9,  171. 

"Phoenix  Coach  Line,"  10,  135. 

Pickell,  John,  A  New  Chapter  in  the  Early  Life  of 
Washington,  13,  51,  et  seq. 

Pickering,  Gen.  Timothy:  holds  convention  at 
Painted  Post,  8,  112;  invites  Indian  chiefs  to 
Washington,  164;  on  treaty  commission,  184. 

Pierce,  Capt.  Joseph,  tribute  to  Jacob  Yoder,  9, 
124. 

Pierpont,  surveyor  consulted  by  Washington  (1784) 
as  to  Western  routes,  12,  21. 

Pigman,  Bene  S.,  effects  compromise  between  Balti 
more  and  Ohio  Railway  and  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal,  13,  116. 

"Pig-track"  surveys,  15,  87. 


114  INDEX  Pike's 

Pike's,  10,  163. 

Pilot  Knob  (Kentucky),  Blue  Grass  region  seen  by 
Gist  from,  6,  75. 

Pinckney,  General,  Washington's  opinion  of,  8,  174. 

"Pioneer  Coach  Line,"  10,  125. 

Pioneers:  character  of  Kentucky,  5,  34~36;  Roose 
velt  excuses  brutality  of,  36;  types  of,  36-38; 
kindness  of,  56-57;  rough  life  of,  9,  66;  instance 
of  unkindness  of,  12,  66-69. 

Pirates  on  Ohio  River,  9,  187-188. 

Piroque,  see  Canoe. 

Pitt,  William:  dismissed,  5,  69;  recalled,  70;  motto 
given  to  England  by  (1758),  72;  letter  (July 
10)  of  Forbes  to,  92-93. 

Pittsburg:  Washington  first  notes  strategic  site  of, 
3,  99 ;  early  development,  205 ;  early  Indian  vil 
lage  at,  5,  21  ;  General  Forbes  names,  158;  site 
not  mentioned  by  Celoron,  9,  39;  early  condi 
tions  at,  67;  early  shipbuilding  at,  134;  Bright- 
helmstein  compared  with,  12,  87;  Ballman's  de 
scription  of  (1796),  87-88;  see  Fort  Duquesne. 

Pittsburg  Business  Directory  for  the  year  1837, 
cited,  9,  107. 

Plates,  Celeron's  leaden,  9,  27. 
Platt,  General,  efforts  for  Erie  Canal,  14,  51,  60, 
noiii. 


Portage  INDEX  115 

Plessis,  Bishop,  quoted,  7,  100101. 

Plumer's,  10,  159. 

Pogue,  William,  emigrates  to  Kentucky,  6,  117. 

Point  Pleasant  (West  Virginia),  Battle  of,  6,  86- 
87. 

"Point  of  Rocks,"  conflict  between  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railway  and  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal 
on  right  of  way  at,  13,  115-119. 

Pollan,  Henry,  5,  84. 

Polls,  George,  4,  76,  88. 

Pond,  Capt.  Peter,  spy  among  northwestern  In 
dians,  8,  164. 

Pond,  Major,  in  Harmar's  campaign,  8,  88. 

Pontiac:  religious  convictions  of,  5,  168;  arouses 
Indians,  169;  conspiracy  of,  170-182. 

Pope,  Ensign,  testimony  of,  8,  126. 

PORTAGE  PATHS- 

In  General:  buffalo  traces  at,  i,  139;  classification 
°f>  2>  53 ;  7,  23 ;  missionaries  traverse,  22 ;  typical 
experiences  of  missionaries  on,  25-3 1 ;  explorer's  use 
of,  21,  3I-37J  New  France  and  Louisiana  joined 
by,  37;  meeting-places  on,  37-42;  circumstances 
determined  routes  of,  38-40;  camping  grounds  on, 
41-42;  alternations  of,  42-43;  burying  grounds 
near,  43 ;  altars  erected  on,  43-44 ;  difficulties  of, 


116  INDEX  Portage 

PORTAGE  PATHS:  In  general  (continued)- 
43-46;  as  boundary  lines,  48-49;  suggestive 
names  of,  49-50;  military  usage  of,  51-72;  hostile 
Indians  lurked  near,  54-57;  Celeron's  use  of,  60- 
62 ;  forests  traversed  by,  62 ;  military  importance 
of  northwestern  Ohio,  68-73 ;  villages  grow  up  on, 
73-74;  treaties  made  at  forts  on,  74;  roadways 
built  on,  75-80;  routes  of  canals  on,  80-82;  14, 
19;  ordinance  of  1787  on,  7,  81 ;  routes  of  railways 
on,  81-82;  Dr.  Wm.  F.  Ganong  on  New  Bruns 
wick,  94-105;  still  in  use,  96;  present-day  ap 
pearance  of,  96-98;  naming  of,  100-101 ;  preser 
vation  of  name,  101 ;  early  mail  route  on,  103 ; 
Albany  to  Quebec,  itinerary  (1720),  123-124, 
125-133;  boundary  lines,  161 ;  blazed  trees  on 
Kankakee-St.  Joseph,  178;  plea  for  marking  his 
toric  sites  on,  188-194. 

Names  and  Data: 

Black  River-Ouelle,  7,  108. 

Chautauqua,  7,  91,   152-157;  Celoron  on,  9,  25. 
Chicago-Des  Plaines,  7,  180-181. 
Conemaugh,    13,    171;    landing    called    "Canoe- 
Place,"  171. 

Connecticut-Lake  Champlain,  7,  89,  119,  120. 
Connecticut-St.   Francis,   7,   88,    118-119. 
Cuyahoga-Beaver,  13,  38. 


Portage  INDEX  117 

Cuyahoga-Tuscarawas,  7,  160-162;  13,  38,  42. 
Fox-Wisconsin,  7,  182-186. 
Grand,  7,  187-188. 
Grand  River-Wagan,  7,  102-104. 
Hudson-Lake  Champlain,  7,  89-90,  122-135. 
Hudson-Lake  George,  7,  122-127. 
Hudson-Lake  Ontario,  7,  90,  135-150. 
Hudson-Mohawk,  13,  47. 
Illinois-Lake  Michigan,  7,  92. 
James-Greenbrier,  13,  44. 
Juniata-Conemaugh,  see  Conemaugh. 
Kankakee-St.  Joseph,  7,  176-180. 
Kennebec-Chaudiere :    7,    110-118;    Prof.    Smith 

describes    Arnold's    campaign    to    Quebec    on, 

115-118. 

Kennebec-St.  Lawrence,  7,  88,   109-118. 
Lake  Erie-Allegheny,  7,  91,  157-160. 
Lake  Superior-Hudson  Bay,  7,  93. 
Little  Kanawha-Monongahela,  13,  41. 
Maumee-Wabash,  7,  164-175. 
Miami-Auglaize,  7,  162-164. 
Miami-Sandusky,  13,  39. 
Mississippi-Lake  Michigan,  7,  93. 
Mohawk-Susquehanna,  7,  90. 
New  England  and  Canada,  7,  94-121. 
New  York,  7,  122-150. 


118  INDEX  Portage 

PORTAGE  PATHS:  Names  and  Data  (contin 
ued)— 

Niagara:  7,  60-6 1,  91,  153  ;  13,  47  ;  canal  planned 
on,  14,  19. 

North- West  Branch-Riviere  du  Sud,  7,  108-109. 

Ohio  River-Lake  Erie,  7,  91-92,  160-175. 

Oneida:  military  history  of,  7,  59;  map  of 
(1756),  142;  13,  47;  see  Rome  (New  York). 

Potomac— Cheat,  13,  37,  41,  43. 

Potomac- Youghiogheny :  13,  43;  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal  first  planned  across,  68. 

Presque  Isle,  Washington  describes,  13,  38. 

St.  Francis-Riviere  du  Loup,  7,  106-108. 

St.  John  Lake— Etchemin,  7,  109. 

St.  Johns-St.  Lawrence,  7,  86-87,   101-109. 

St.  Joseph— Wabash,  7,  175. 

St.  Lawrence— Lake  Champlain,  7,  90,    127-133. 

Susquehanna-Mohawk,  early  railway  projected 
on,  12,  162. 

Susquehanna-Toby's  Creek,  13,  45. 

Temiscouta-Riviere  du  Loup,  7,  105-106. 

Touladi-Trois  Pistoles,  7,   104-105. 

Wabash— Lake  Erie,  7,  92. 

Wabash-Lake  Michigan,  7,  92. 

Wabash-Maumee,  La  Salle's  acquaintance  with, 
7,  167-168. 

Youghiogheny— Potomac,    Casselman's    route   pro- 


Powell's  INDEX  119 

posed  for  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  13,  80. 

Porter,  Peter  B.,  on  early  Erie  Canal  committee, 
14,  52,  150. 

Porter's,  4,  194. 

Posey,  Gen.  Thomas:  MSS.  cited,  8,  159,  177;  ap 
pointed  brigadier-general  under  Wayne,  175. 

Post,  Frederick:  Journal,  cited,  2,  89,  no;  route  to 
the  West  in  1758,  89;  Forbes  relies  on,  5,  147- 
148;  French  Indians  alienated  by,  157. 

Post  roads,  constitutionality  of  national  appropria 
tions  for,  15,  55-57. 

Potomac  Company:  formation  authorized  by  Vir 
ginia  and  Maryland,  13,  51-52;  subscription 
books  opened,  55 ;  Washington  elected  president 
of,  55;  Rumsey  manager  of,  56;  improvements 
made  by,  56-62;  financial  difficulties,  57-63; 
State  commission  reports  adversely  on,  63-64; 
merged  with  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  77 ; 
Mohawk  improvement  influenced  by,  14,  41. 

Potter,  Colonel,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  139. 

Potter,  Isaac  B. :  quoted  on  side  ditches,  15,  103- 
104;  on  under  drainage,  106-107;  on  macadam 
roads,  142-14?,  155- 

Powell,  Ambrose,  Kentucky  explorer,  6,  50. 

Powrell,  A.  H.,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  central 
committeeman,  13,  74. 

Powell's,  12,   132. 


120  INDEX  Pownall 

Pownall,  Thomas:  Map  of  British  Middle  Colo 
nies,  quoted,  2,  33;  cited,  71,  97,  108;  Map  of  the 
Grand  Pass  from  New  York  to  Montreal,  cited, 
12,  113. 

Prairie :  pioneers  easily  lost  in  Illinois,  8,  27-28,  65  ; 
description  of  a  Kentucky,  n,  189-193;  pronun 
ciations  of,  12,  1 86;  Charles  Dickens  visits  Look- 
in  glass,  185-196. 

Preble  County  (Ohio),  History  of,  cited,  8,  133, 
199. 

Prentice,  Jonathan,  12,  72. 

Pressey,  Edward  P.,  in  New  England  Magazine, 
quoted,  10,  171. 

Price,  William,  12,  31. 

Pride's  tavern,  in  Amsterdam  (New  York),  Sir 
William  Johnson  built,  12,  119. 

Prince,  Captain,  12,  43. 

Proclamation  of  1763,  6,  20,  30. 

Proctor,  Col.  Thomas,  ambassador  to  Senecas,  8, 
in. 

Proctor's,  5,  186. 

Pulley's  Mill  (Illinois),  Clark  camps  near,  8,  27. 

Putnam,  Gen.  Rufus:  begs  Washington  to  aid 
Western  settlements,  8,  113;  treats  with  Wabash 
Indians,  166,  172,  178;  Washington's  private 
opinion  of,  174;  Ohio  Company  of  Associates  led 


Railroads  INDEX  121 

by,  9,  61-63;  Ohio  River  map  by,  71 ;  favors  im 
migrants,  12,  93-94- 

Pyankeshaw's  Hunting  Ground,  2,  57. 

Pyatt's,  Jacob,  5,  19. 


RACCOON  Ford,  4,  194. 
Radisson,   Mississippi   discovered   by,   7,    182. 
Rae  (Ray),  Forbes  states  that  Raystown  was 
founded  by,  5,  92. 
Rafts  of  logs  on  Ohio,  9,  127-129. 
Ragan's,  n,  127. 

RAILROADS- 

In  General:  Influence  of  buffaloes  on  routes  of,  I, 
79;  portage  paths  as  routes  of,  7,  81-82;  head 
waters  of  Susquehanna  reached  by,  12,  162; 
average  American  farm  ten  miles  distant  from, 
15,  16;  reached  limit  of  growth  in  America,  16. 
Names  and  Data: 

Allegheny  Portage:  width  of  right  of  way  for, 
n,  42;  significance  of,  13,  194-196;  Steven 
son  on,  196;  Canvass  White  proposed,  196; 
Moncure  Robinson  plans,  196-197;  board  of 


122  INDEX  Railroads 

RAILROADS:  Allegheny  Portage  (continued)  — 
engineers  surveys  route  for,  197;  act  creating, 
197-198;  Sylvester  Welch  engineer  of,  198; 
final  surveys  made,  199;  William  Bender  Wil 
son's  monograph  on,  cited,  199;  description  of, 
199-204;  view  of  First  American  Tunnel  on, 
201 ;  second  track  laid,  204;  description  of 
road-bed,  205 ;  first  boat  carried  over,  206 ; 
superseded  by  Pennsylvania  Railway,  215. 
Baltimore  and  Ohio:  effected  by  Jackson's  veto 
of  Maysville  Road  bill,  n,  173-174;  exigency 
which  gave  rise  to,  13,  94-95;  Thomas  pro 
motes,  95-98;  obstructed  by  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal,  100-102;  inaugurated,  107-108; 
Charles  Carroll  lays  foundation  stone  of,  108; 
contents  of  scroll  placed  within  foundation- 
stone  of,  108-110;  bids  advertised  for,  in; 
stock  rapidly  subscribed  for,  112-113;  gov 
ernment  aid  refused,  113-114;  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal  refuses  right  of  way,  115-116; 
compromise,  116-119;  aided  by  "Eight  Million 
Dollar  Bill,"  122;  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal 
compelled  to  give  right  of  way  to,  123;  early 
struggles,  124-126;  horse  cars  used  on,  126; 
sail-car  tried,  127;  horse-power  engine  tried, 
129;  first  steam  locomotive  on,  129-131;  his- 


Rate  INDEX  123 

tories  of,  98,  114;  offers  prize  for  best  locomo 
tive,  132;  completion  of,  132-135;  banquet  at 
Wheeling  on  completion  of,  134-135;  History 
and  Description  of,  quoted,  5,  203. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Southwestern,  parallels  Vin- 
cennes  Trace  at  Lawrenceville,  Illinois,  8,  63. 

Erie:  highway  travel  affected  by,  12,  159;  open 
ing  of,  162-163. 

Pennsylvania:  Old  Glade  Road  succeeded  by,  5, 
205 ;  Lancaster  Turnpike  purchased  by,  n,  92- 
94;  incorporated,  13,  213;  contracts  let  for, 
213;  completed  across  Alleghenies,  214;  pur 
chased  Pennsylvania  Canal,  215;  abandons  Al 
legheny  Portage  Railway,  215;  abandons  Penn 
sylvania  Canal,  215. 

West  Virginia  Central,  attempts  to  buy  Chesa 
peake  and  Ohio  Canal,  13,  164. 

Ramsay's,  12,  48. 

Ranck,  History  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  I,  125. 

Randolph,  Beverly,  appointed  to  treat  with  Indians, 

8,  184. 

Rankin's,  10,  160. 
Ransom's,  12,  141. 
Rate  of  fare,  Baltimore  to  Philadelphia  and  New 

York  (1796),  ii,  112-114. 


124  INDEX  Rattlesnakes 

Rattlesnakes:  Bonnecamps  describes,  9,  32-33;  pio 
neers  encounter,  12,  82-83. 

Rawles,  Hardy,  6,  201. 

Raymond,  Geo.  H.,  promoter  Erie  barge  canal,  14, 
196. 

Ray's  Hill,  5,  20. 

Raystown  (Pennsylvania)  :  fortified,  5,  20,  64;  St. 
Clair  advises  Forbes  to  make  rendezvous  at,  76; 
see  Rae. 

Record,  Spencer,  quotation  from  Diary,  6,  179-181. 

Red  Jacket,  at  treaty  on  the  Maumee,  8,  179. 

Reed,  Joseph,  6,  200. 

Reeder,  Mr.,  12,  84. 

Reedy  Creek,  Dr.  Walker  on,  6,  60. 

Reedyun,  John,  6,  202. 

Rees,  Mr.,  12,  132. 

Reizenstein,  "The  Economic  History  of  the  Balti 
more  and  Ohio  Railroad,"  cited,  13,  114,  et  seq. 

"Reliance  Coach  Line,"  10,  138. 

Religion,   and  good  roads,  interdependence  of,   15, 

20,  34-35,  38-39. 

Renick,  Felix,  letter  describing  tour  from  Potomac 
to  Marietta,  Ohio  (1798),  12,  88-94. 

Reside  and  Company,  Coach  Line,  10,   136. 

Review  of  the  Military  Operations  in  North  Amer 
ica,  cited,  4,  57,  et  seq. 


Ripley  INDEX  125 

Revolution:  the  West  at  opening  of,  6,  145-148; 
Kentucky  in,  145-174. 

Reyburn's,  5,  186. 

Reynold's,  4,   195. 

Reynolds,  14,  142. 

Reynolds,  Cornelius,  12,  31. 

Reynolds,  Governor,  description  of  Kaskaskia 
Trace,  8,  20. 

Reynolds,  Reuben :  acts  as  spy,  8,  170;  experiences 
of,  182-183. 

Rhea,  Narrative,  cited,  2,  103. 

Rhoads,  S.,  Benjamin  Franklin  writes  on  Ameri 
can  canals  to,  13,  25-26. 

Rhode's,  10,   160. 

Rhor,  guide  in  Forbes's  army,  5,  109. 

Rice,  David,  6,  202. 

Richardson,  Judge,  as  first  contractor  on  Erie  Canal 
breaks  the  ground  at  Rome,  New  York,  14.  116. 

Richardson :  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents, 
quoted,  10,  58-60;  n,  167-170. 

Richmond  (Indiana),  early  taverns  at,  10,  164. 

Richview  (Illinois),  Clark's  route  near,  8,  45. 

Rider,  Arthur,  vaneman,  10,  29. 

Ringland's,  10,   160. 

Rinker's,  Caspar,  4,   195. 

Ripley,  T.  M.,  14,  12. 


126  INDEX  Riquet 

Riquet,  builder  of  Languedoc  Canal,  13,   19. 
"Rising  Sun,"  10,  161. 
Rochester,  Mr.,  14,  142. 

RIVERS— 

In  General:  canalization  of,  by  ancients,  13,  17-18; 

Spaniard's  scruples  against,  18;  Pennsylvania  for 
ward  in  plans  for  canalization  of,  30-32. 
Names  and  Data'. 

Aboite,  7,  173. 

Allegheny:  Cramer's  description  of,  9,  78-82; 
earliest  improvement  of  navigation  of,  13,  32 ; 
formerly  called  Ohio,  see  Ohio  River. 

Riviere  Blanche,  9,  45. 

Cache,  Clark  on,  8,  19,  26-27. 

Catawba,  derivation  of  name  of,  6,  42. 

Cheat,  in  Washington's  plan  of  communication, 
13,  40,  43,  44- 

Conemaugh:  early  improvement  of  navigation  of, 
13,  32;  route  on,  171. 

Cumberland,  Dr.  Walker  crossed,  6,  63. 

Cuyahoga,  in  Washington's  plan  of  communica 
tion,  13,  38,  42,  43. 

Delaware,  early  navigation  improvement  of,  13, 
30,  32- 

Dick's,  early  settlement  on,  6,  80. 

Eel:  2,  58;  error  in  name  of,  7,  174. 


Rivers  INDEX  127 

Elk,  improvement  of,  15,  54. 

Embarras:  Clark  reaches,  8,  55~56;  called 
"Ombra,"  66. 

Great  Kanawha:  Celoron  at  mouth  of,  9,  44;  in 
Washington's  plan  of  communication,  13,  41, 
43,  44,  45. 

Greenbrier,  in  Washington's  plan  of  communica 
tion,  13,  40,  44- 

Hudson,  strategic  geographical  position  of,  14, 
69-72. 

Jackson's,  see  James. 

James,  in  Washington's  plan  of  communication, 

13,  44,  45- 

Juniata:  view  showing  four  routes  to  the  West, 
13,  frontispiece;  early  route  on,  171. 

Kentucky:  derivation  of  name  of,  6,  42;  early 
improvement  of,  9,  213. 

Kiskiminitas,  trail  along,  5,  23. 

Lehigh,  early  plan  for  improvement  of,  13,  32. 

Licking,  early  voyage  up,  6,  179-180. 

Little  Kanawha,  in  Washington's  plan  of  com 
munication,  13,  40,  41,  43,  44. 

Little  Wabash:  discussion  as  to  George  Rogers 
Clark's  crossing-place  on,  8,  51-53,  225-230; 
Clark's  men  crossing,  51-55. 

Miame  (Maumee)  :  navigation  of,  2,  59. 


128  INDEX  Rivers 

RIVERS:  Names  and  Data  (continued)  — 

Miami:  Hamilton's  expedition  up,  7,  169-170; 
Fish-pot  Ford  on,  8,  94;  Celoron  on,  9,  46-47. 

Mississippi:  Joliet  reaches,  7,  34;  significance 
of  route  of  discoverer  of,  37 ;  Radisson  and 
Groseilliers  discover,  182. 

Mohawk:  effect  of  water  of  on  rocks  at  Little 
Falls,  12,  120121;  Little  Falls  described,  120 
12 1 ;  early  navigation  of,  120,  122-123;  in 
Washington's  plan  of  communication,  13,  47 ; 
overland  routes  up,  14,  15-16;  primeval  condi 
tion,  18-19,  27-28;  early  improvements  of,  20- 
21 ;  Western  Inland  Lock  Navigation  Com 
pany  on,  22-42 ;  canal  at  Little  Falls  of,  28-29 ; 
canal  at  Rome,  29-30;  objections  to  improve 
ment  of,  40;  influence  of  Potomac  Company 
on  improvement  of,  41. 

Monongahela:  Braddock's  Road  near,  4,  189;  and 
Youghiogheny,  map  of,  5,  29 ;  Celeron's  failure 
to  mention,  9,  39-40;  Cramer's  description  of, 
74-77 ;  in  Washington's  plan  of  communication, 
13,  40-50;  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  planned 
along,  85 ;  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  reaches 
Fairmount  on,  134. 

Muskingum:  devoid  of  Indian  villages  in  lower 
portions,  2,  62 ;  Celoron  at  mouth  of,  9,  43 ; 


Rivers  INDEX  129 

early   shipbuilding  on,    135;   in   Washington's 
plan  of  communication,  13,  38-43. 

New:  road  to,  6,  55;  Walker  traverses,  55. 

Ohio :  difficult  early  navigation  of,  I,  62 ;  French 
occupation  of,  3,  63-84;  Celoron  on,  71-73; 
Captain  Trent  commissioned  to  build  a  fort 
on,  115;  French  troops  on  (1755),  4,  116- 
117;  Virginia  secures  all  land  south  of,  6,  23; 
Wilderness  road  compared  with,  80-81 ;  ter 
ritory  south  of  secured  by  Dunmore's  War,  87  ; 
first  gunboat  on,  171 ;  difficulty  of  early  travel 
on,  179-181;  area  drained  by,  9,  15;  position 
explains  importance  in  pioneer  period,  16;  name 
derivations,  17-21;  discovery  of,  7,  34;  9,  21; 
early  description  of,  9,  21 ;  Celoron  de  Bienville 
starts  for,  22  ;  Bonnecamps's  map  of,  24 ;  Celoron 
burying  first  plate  on,  26 ;  French  claim  attested 
by  leaden  plates,  27 ;  Celoron's  expedition,  28- 
47;  Gordon's  map  of,  48;  Celoron's  relations 
to  Indians  on,  29-39;  junction  with  Mononga- 
hela  unmentioned  by  Celoron,  39-40;  English 
traders  warned  by  Celoron,  41 ;  Logstown  on, 
41 ;  victory  of  Gen.  Andrew  Lewis  on,  49;  as 
boundary  line,  50;  "Indian  Side"  of,  50;  a  pro 
jection  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  52;  two 
shores  differently  settled,  52;  illegal  settle- 


130  INDEX  Rivers 

RIVERS:  Ohio  (continued)  — 

ments  on  northern  shore  of,  53-58 ;  northern 
shore  conquered  by  Virginians,  53,  54;  diffi 
culty  in  restraining  illegal  settlements  on  north 
ern  shores  of,  53 ;  early  settlements  on  northern 
shore  of,  54;  early  settlements  on  northern 
shore  forbidden,  55 ;  Professor  Turner  on 
rights  of  early  settlers  on  northern  shore,  58; 
state  convention  of  early  settlers  north  of,  called 
for,  57;  Fort  Harmar  built  on,  59;  Fort  Fin- 
ney  built  on,  60 ;  territory  northwest  of,  erected, 
60;  Marietta  founded  on,  64;  first  legal  settle 
ment  on  northern  shore  of,  64;  Cincinnati 
founded,  65;  both  shores  settled  in  1790,  70; 
Putnam's  map  of,  71;  Cramer's  description  of 
early  navigation  of,  73-99 ;  exports  on,  87 ; 
"planters"  in,  95;  "sawyers"  in,  96;  "Wooden- 
Islands,"  98;  dangers  of  early  navigation  of, 
93-99;  craft  on,  100-150;  Audubon's  descrip 
tion  of  flatboating  on,  113-118;  navigation  over 
the  falls  of,  122;  in  Civil  War,  123;  first  flat- 
boat  to  descend,  123;  rafting  logs  on,  127-129; 
galleys  on,  129-131;  gunboat  on,  129;  "Ad 
venture  Galley"  on,  130;  mail-boats  on,  130; 
sailing  craft  on,  132-136;  shipbuilding  on,  133- 
136;  Tarascon,  Berthoud  and  Company,  ship- 


Rivers  INDEX  131 

building  firm,  on,  107,  133  ;  decline  of  shipbuild 
ing,  136;  steamboat  building  on,  137-140;  com 
parative  steamboat  tonnage  on,  144-149;  river- 
men  on,  151-188;  houseboatmen  on,  178-182; 
gambling  on,  anecdotes  of,  182-187;  pirates  on, 
187-188;  history  of  improvements  of,  191-220; 
prehistoric  condition  of,  190;  money  spent  on 
improvements,  as  compared  with  Cumberland 
Road,  189;  obstruction  in  navigation,  193-201; 
history  of  Louisville  and  Portland  Canal 
around  falls  of,  203-207 ;  growth  of  coal  ship 
ping  on,  21 1 ;  appropriations  for  improvement 
of,  215-220;  journey  down  Virginia  shore  of 
(1796),  12,  73-75;  description  of  busy  scenes 
on  (1796),  74-75;  typical  conditions  in  pioneer 
town  on  (1796),  74-77;  boatmen  described, 
87;  Washington  calls  Allegheny,  13,  38;  link 
in  Washington's  plan  of  communication,  38- 
50;  Washington  on  early  navigation  of,  38-42; 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  reaches,  134. 

Onondaga,  in  Washington's  plan  of  communica 
tion,  13,  47- 

Potomac:  compared  to  Po  at  Cremona,  5,  86; 
Washington  urges  improvement  of,  13,  35-50; 
Washington's  study  of  navigation  of,  36-50; 
Virginia  committee  appointed  to  confer  with 


132  INDEX  Rivers 

RIVERS:  Potomac  (continued)  — 

Maryland  legislature  concerning,  50;  report  of 
committee,  5 1 ;  Virginia  and  Maryland  unite 
in  improvement  of,  51;  Potomac  Company  im 
proves,  52-64;  Potomac  Canal  in  valley  of, 
67-68;  route  of  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  in 
valley  of,  79;  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  in 
augural  pageant  on,  103-104;  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal  finished  to  Holman's  Dam  on,  123  ; 
act  for  opening  and  extending  navigation  of, 
219-224. 

Powell's,  Dr.  Walker  names,  6,  65. 

Red,  Walker  and  Gist  on,  6,  75. 

Rockfish,  6,  54. 

Rocky  ("riviere  a  la  Roche)  Celoron  on,  9,  36, 
46-47. 

Salt,  early  settlement  on,  6,  80. 

Schuylkill,  floating  bridge  over,  12,  63 ;  early  im 
provement  of  navigation  of,  13,  32. 

Shenandoah,  early  navigation  of,  13,  36-37. 

St.  Lawrence:  portages  on,  7,  24-28;  navigation 
of,  58. 

Susquehanna:  early  duck-hunting  on,  n,  no; 
failure  to  secure  slackwater  navigation  for,  at* 
tributed  to  opposition  of  railways,  12,  162; 
Dickens  describes  long  bridge  across,  177;  early 


Roads  INDEX  133 

navigation  improvement  of,  13,  31,  32;  route 
from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg,  171. 

Tennessee,  made  Virginia  boundary,  6,  22. 

Wabash:  Croghan  on,  in  1765,  2,  56;  early  nav 
igation  of  (1765),  59;  early  acquaintance  of 
explorers  with,  7,  165-168;  Clark's  crossing- 
place  on,  8,  57-58. 

Youghiogheny :  Virginia  regiment  reaches,  3,  133; 
Washington  explores,  133-134;  7>  63;  Brad- 
dock  arrives  at,  4,  115;  Braddock  crosses,  187; 
in  Washington's  plan  of  communication,  13, 
4050;  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  planned 
along,  85. 

Rivermen,  Ohio,  described,  9,  151-188. 

ROADS- 

In  General:  primitive,  on  watersheds,  I,  66,  79; 
near  ancient  mounds,  83-85 ;  remains  of,  90-92 ; 
made  by  Indians,  98;  military,  built  on  Indian 
trails,  2,  144-148;  modern,  an  evolution  from 
Indian  trails,  149-152;  first  in  the  West,  3,  75- 
77 ;  early  French  and  English  westward,  com 
pared,  4,  15-29;  pioneer,  wagons  steadied  on,  5, 
197-198;  naming  of,  6,  11-13;  portage  paths  as 
routes  of,  7,  75-80;  first  vehicles  to  traverse  early, 


X 

\ 


134  INDEX  Roads 

ROADS:  In  general  (continued)  — 

9,  43-44;  steps  in  evolution  of  Indian  trail  into, 
n,  21-105;  commerce  on  packhorse,  27-30;  west 
ward  packhorse,  28-29 »'  early  English,  30-3 1 ;  his 
tory  of  postal  service  indicates  development  of 
American,  38;  number  of  American  post  (1790), 
38;  labor  of  clearing  early,  39-43;  excessive  heat 
on  pioneer,  40;  falling  trees  endangered  early,  41- 
43 ;  width  of  early,  45 ;  bridle-paths  join  pioneer, 
47;  first,  to  seek  lower  levels,  48;  many-tracked 
pioneer,  51-53;  mud-holes  on  pioneer,  53-63; 
crooked  streets  explained  by  crooked,  66;  cordu 
roy:  Harriet  Martineau  on,  69-70;  Thomas 
Moore  on,  70;  Weld  on,  71;  Stevenson  on,  71- 
72;  Capt.  Basil  Hall  on,  72-73;  history  of  first 
macadamized,  74-98;  plank:  first,  in  America, 
98;  in  New  York,  98;  methods  of  building,  98- 
99;  comparative  cost  of,  99;  loads  drawn  on,  99- 
100;  Calvin  Fletcher  describes  pioneer,  100-103; 
Ohio's  first  turnpike,  104;  narrowness  of  early, 
136;  instance  of  crooked  being  shorter  than  a 
straight,  12,  90;  early  lack  in  central  New' York 
explained,  96;  mania  for  incorporating  turnpike 
companies,  109;  macadamized,  from  Albany  to 
Schenectady,  117;  greatly  needed  in  early  New 
York,  147;  chartered  turnpikes,  great  need  of 


Roads  INDEX  135 

roads    gave    rise    to,    147-148;    turnpike    leading 

from  Albany,  New  York,   148;  early  companies 

sacrifice  grade  to  gfeed,  149. 
Names  and  Data: 

Alexandria  (Virginia)  :  to  Cumberland,  Mary 
land,  taverns  on  (1755),  4,  76;  to  Winchester, 
taverns  on  (1755),  77;  to  Fort  Frederick,  5, 
82 ;  to  Marietta,  Ohio,  12,  66-67. 

Baltimore,  to  Washington  (1796)  described,  n, 
116-117. 

Bird's,  Colonel,  6,  180181. 

Boone's,  see  Wilderness. 

Braddock's :  early  importance  of,  3,  206 ;  map  of 
(1759),  4,  69;  Braddock  orders  Morris  to  cut, 
75;  beginning  the  building  of,  98-99;  takes 
new  route  around  Wills  Mountain,  99;  fol 
lows  Indian  trail,  109-110;  delays  in  building, 
109-116;  view  of,  near  Frostburg,  Maryland, 
148;  route  described  by  Jared  Sparks,  168-172; 
Middleton's  map  of  (1847),  174;  T.  C.  Atkin 
son  describes  route  of,  175-190;  errors  con 
cerning  route  east  of  Cumberland,  179;  route 
about  Wills  Mountain,  183-184;  route  through 
Alleghenies,  183-190;  route  between  Laurel 
Hill  and  Braddock's  Fields,  187-190;  later  his 
tory  of,  191-213;  parallel  with  Cumberland 


136  INDEX  Roads 

ROADS:  Braddock's  (continued)  — 

Road,  191 ;  General  Forbes  did  not  follow, 
192;  itinerary  of  immigrants  on,  194-196; 
Clark's  store  on,  195;  travelers  itinerary  on 
(1790),  197-198;  early  freight  rates  on,  199; 
view  of,  near  Farmington,  Pennsylvania,  200; 
portions  never  deserted,  200;  change  of  name, 
200;  easily  identified  today,  203-204;  appear 
ance  of,  in  forests,  205 ;  East  and  West  bound 
by,  207-209;  historic  points  along,  209-210; 
is  Braddock's  monument,  212;  Forbes  intended 
to  march  by,  5,  79;  Forbes's  description  of 
(I758),  93;  Bouquet  improves,  95;  Washing 
ton  improves  (1758),  96,  101 ;  Washington 
compares  Pennsylvania  Road  with,  101-102; 
Forbes  compares  Old  Glade  Road  with,  107; 
Bouquet  emphasizes  usefulness  of,  1 1 1  ;  Wash 
ington  describes  conditions  of  (1758),  118- 
1 23 ;  Forbes  urges  use  of,  1 44 ;  Forbes  urges 
exploration  of,  155-156;  Ohio  Company  of  As 
sociates  did  not  pursue,  197 ;  freight  rates  on, 
10,  132;  early  taverns  on,  153-155;  mile  stone 
on,  view  of,  n,  frontispiece;  quickly  over 
grown,  25;  mile  stone  on,  described,  105; 
Samuel  Allen's  journey  over  (1796),  12,  65- 
77 ;  described  by  General  Craighill,  see  Craig- 
hill;  also  Nemacolin's  Trail. 


Roads  INDEX  137 

Burd's:  overseers  appointed  to  open,  5,  25 ;  opened 
for  Braddock,  25-34;  St.  Clair  urges  Forbes  to 
take,  76-77;  Forbes's  need  of,  79;  not  com 
pleted,  97. 

Carlisle:  to  Raystown,  itinerary  on  (1758),  5, 
121-122;  to  Fort  Cumberland,  itinerary  on 
(1758),  122. 

Catskill  Turnpike:  Francis  Whiting  Halsey's 
sketch  of,  12,  143-163;  terminus  of,  144;  early 
history  of,  144-147;  laid  out  to  make  land  ac 
cessible  and  marketable  irrespective  of  grades, 
149;  tollgates  on,  149-150;  stage  coach  mo 
nopoly  on,  150;  Pres.  Timothy  Dwight's  ac 
count  of  journey  on,  150158;  described  in 
heyday  by  Gains  Leonard  Halsey,  M.  D.,  158; 
Erie  Canal  affects,  159. 

Chambersburg  and  Pittsburg,  5,  60. 

Cincinnati:  to  Hamilton  (1791),  8,  130-132;  to 
Columbus,  Dickens  on,  12,  178-180;  see  Har- 
mar's,  St.  Glair's,  and  Wayne's  Roads. 

Clarksburg  (West  Virginia)  :  to  Cumberland, 
Maryland  (1790),  12,  46-51 ;  to  Marietta,  89- 
94- 

Columbus,  Ohio,  to  Sandusky,  Dickens  on,  12, 
180-185. 

Connecticut  River:  to  Otter  Creek,  7,  I2O-I2I ; 
to  Crown  Point,  120-121. 


138  INDEX  Roads 

ROADS:  Names  and  Data  (continued)  — 

Cumberland,  Maryland:  to  Philadelphia,  12,  51- 
63 ;  see  Braddock's  Road ;  also  Fort  Cumber 
land. 

Cumberland:  described,  2,  139-142;  early  history 
of,  3,  207-215;  parallel  with  Braddock's  Road, 
4,  191;  portage  path  nature  of,  7,  75-8o;  im 
portance  of,  10,  16-17;  creation  of,  18-19;  Sen 
ate  Committee  report  of,  19-20;  Act  creating, 
20-25 ;  Jefferson  appoints  commissioners  for, 
26 ;  commissioners  first  report  on,  26-45 ;  route 
chosen,  30-40;  planned  on  shortest  line,  38; 
early  public  interest  in,  45 ;  Henry  Clay  pro 
motes,  46 ;  second  report  of  commissioners  on, 
46-53;  table  of  elevation  of,  48-49;  cost  of,  54; 
States  grant  permission  to  build,  54;  first  con 
tracts  let  for,  54;  map  in  Pennsylvania  and 
Maryland,  55;  Monroe  vetoes  bill  for,  57-61; 
constitutional  questions  concerning,  57-60; 
rush  of  early  travel  on,  57 ;  President  Monroe 
rescues,  64;  roadbed  structure  of,  67-70;  Cin 
cinnati  planned  as  original  destination  of,  7 1 ; 
history  of  westward  extension  of,  71-90;  in 
Ohio,  74-80;  ground  broken  for,  in  Ohio,  76; 
dissatisfaction  over  route  in  Ohio,  77-78;  route 


Roads  INDEX  139 

in  Columbus,  78-79;  map  in  the  West,  79; 
typical  contract  on,  81-83;  in  Indiana  and 
Illinois,  83-88;  railway  proposed  as  substitute 
for,  86-88 ;  men  who  were  prominent  in  build- 
mg>  91  J  government  unable  to  collect  toll  on, 
91-92;  surrendered  to  individual  states,  92; 
Pennsylvania  tollgates  on,  93 ;  laws  for  preser 
vation  of,  96-99;  Pennsylvania  toll  rates 
(1831)  on,  looioi ;  toll  system  on,  102;  Ohio 
toll  rates  on,  103-104;  exemptions  from  pay 
ing  toll  on,  106-107;  comparison  of  tolls  re 
ceived  east  and  west  of  Ohio  River,  109-113; 
amount  of  toll  paid  in  Ohio,  114;  Ohio  leases, 
115;  legal  width  in  Ohio,  115;  given  to  coun 
ties,  115;  tolls  in  Franklin  County,  Ohio,  in 
1899,  117;  never  self-sustaining,  118;  stage 
coach  days  on,  119-128;  stage  coach  lines  oper 
ating  on,  124-125,  134-138;  monopolies  on 
stage  line,  125;  description  of  stages  on,  126- 
128;  first  Troy  coach  on,  128;  freight  traffic 
on,  128-132;  freight  rates  on,  132;  rivalry  of 
coach  lines  on,  133;  mail  lines  on,  142-151; 
rapid  time  made  by  mail  coaches  on,  143-145; 
old  time  tables  of  mails  on,  146-147;  mails  de 
layed  on,  148-149;  division  of  mail  and  pas- 


140  INDEX  Roads 

ROADS:  Cumberland  (continued)  — 

senger  service  on  (1837),  J49J  robberies  on, 
151;  early  taverns  on,  154-157;  best  known 
taverns  on,  158-164;  wagon  houses  on,  164- 
165;  tavern  keepers  objected  to  building,  169; 
bred  its  own  landlords,  171;  present-day  ap 
pearance  of,  174-187;  bridges  on,  175-176; 
mile-stones  on,  176-179;  view  of  culvert  on, 
177;  property  owners  encroaching  on,  179-180; 
styles  of  driving  on,  181 ;  presidential  pageants 
on,  182-183;  Edward  Everett  on,  185;  list  of 
Congressional  appropriations  for,  191-202; 
specimen  advertisement  for  bid  for  repairing, 
203-205  ;  specimen  advertisement  for  bids  for 
building  bridge  over,  206-207;  specimen  ad 
vertisement  for  building  toll-houses  on,  206- 
207. 

Eaton  (1791),  8,  132-133;  see  Wayne's  Road. 

Forbes's,  see  Old  Glade  Road. 

Fort  Cumberland  to  Fort  Bedford,  5,  100. 

Fort   Massac    (Metropolis,    Illinois)    to  Kaskas- 
kia,  8,  17-25. 

Fort  Pendleton-  to  Morgantown,  12,  78-83. 

Genesee:  beginning  of  civilization  along   future 
route  of,  12,  99;  sketch  of,  95-116;  authorized, 


Roads  INDEX  141 

100 ;  legal  name,  100;  legislative  enactments 
creating,  100-106;  benefited  by  lotteries,  107; 
extended,  108;  incorporated,  109;  tolls  charged 
on,  in;  later  history  of,  112-116;  dangerous 
spot  on,  in  Onondaga  Hollow,  130;  ended 
(1805)  at  Canandaigua,  New  York,  135; 
stages  on,  stop  at  Canandaigua  (1805),  135; 
project  to  extend  to  Niagara,  135-136;  trav 
eling  on,  improves  after  leaving  turnpike,  137; 
made  through  open  country  when  possible, 
137;  activity  of  pioneers  along,  140;  see 
Iroquois  Trail. 

Great  Western  Turnpike,  12,    149. 

Hamilton,  Ohio,  to  Eaton,  followed  by  Wayne, 

8,  195- 

Harmar's  Trace,  8,  91,  et  seq. 
Illinois,  clung  to  the  prairie-land,  8,  23-24. 
Indianapolis  to  Chicago   (1848),   difficult  travel 

on,  n,   103;  see  Cumberland  Road. 
Kaskaskia-Shawneetown,  "the  hunter's  trace,"  8, 

25- 
Kaskaskia  Trace:  8,  17-25;  highland  location, 

38-40;  more  fertile  soil  indicates  old  course  of, 

69. 
Kenebec,  7,  112. 


142  INDEX  Roads 

ROADS:  Names  and  Data  (continued)  — 

Kentucky  pioneer,   n,    178-181. 

Lancaster  Turnpike:  charter  granted,  n,  74; 
built,  74;  subscriptions  opened,  75;  Witmer's 
description  of,  75-85;  tolls  collected  on,  79; 
Line  Wagon  Company  on,  82-83 ;  professional 
wagon  loaders  on,  82;  wagoners  clannish,  84; 
taverns  on,  85-89;  liquors  served  along,  88-89; 
later  history  of,  90-98. 

McCullough's  Path,  12,  19,  20,  21,  22,  24,  26, 
29. 

Marietta,  Ohio,  to  Clarksburg,  West  Virginia 
(1790),  12,  45-46. 

Massachusetts,  opening  early,  n,  34. 

Maysville  Pike:  route  of,  u,  164;  Jackson's  veto 
of  bill  for,  167-174 ;  see  Zane's  Trace. 

Mayville  (Pennsylvania),  7,  155. 

Morgantown,  West  Virginia,  to  Wheeling 
(1796),  12,  72-73;  see  Fort  Pendleton. 

New  York,  opening  early,  n,  36. 

"Northwestern  Road  Company:"  incorporated, 
12,  3033 ;  failure  of,  34. 

Northwestern  Turnpike:  early  history  of  region 
traversed  by,  12,  14-30;  creation  of,  30-34;  Vir 
ginia  builds,  34-38;  importance  of,  38-42. 

Ohio  Company's:  to  Redstone,  3,  92-96;  marked 
out  by  Cresap,  96. 


Roads  INDEX  143 

Old  Glade:  highland  location,  5,  16;  route  of, 
17-19;  early  work  on,  24-33;  retreat  of  work 
men  on,  at  Braddock's  defeat,  32;  use  in  early 
war,  44-64 ;  estimate  of  service  of,  47 ;  forts 
held,  63 ;  early  condition  of,  between  Phila 
delphia  and  Bedford,  78 ;  Bouquet's  itinerary 
on,  78 ;  defended  by  means  of  a  chain  of  forts, 
79-80;  Virginia's  influence  against,  84-141, 
153-154;  Indian  trail  followed,  92;  Arm 
strong  marks  out,  97 ;  map  of,  103 ;  Forbes 
compares  Braddock's  Road  with,  107 ;  Bouquet 
writes  Forbes  in  favor  of,  109-110;  route  de 
termined  to  Loyalhanna,  no;  Washington  de 
scribes  condition  of  (1758),  118-123;  Penn 
sylvania's  need  of,  138;  boon  to  Pennsylvania 
that  was  deserved  by  Virginia,  139-141;  itin 
erary  from  Bedford  to  Edmunds  Swamp,  142; 
building  of,  142-162;  details  of  building,  from 
Raystown  to  Ligonier,  144-149;  Bouquet  uses, 
in  Pontiac's  Rebellion,  176-182;  use  in  Revo 
lutionary  War,  186-189;  General  Irvine  on 
condition  of,  188;  Ohio  Valley  dependent  on, 
192;  western  forts  dependent  on,  192;  import 
ance  in  last  days  of  eighteenth  century,  192; 
Professor  McM aster  describes,  193-194;  Cum 
berland  Road  unable  to  displace,  195;  a  popu 
lar  pioneer  route,  195-196;  Ohio  Company  of 


144  INDEX  Roads 

ROADS:  Old  Glade  (continued)  — 

Associates  journeyed  on,  196-197;  New 
England  linked  to  Middle  West  by,  196-199; 
description  of  pioneers  journeying  on,  197-199; 
"Glade  Road"  branch,  199;  "Pittsburg  Road" 
branch,  199;  forks  near  Bedford,  199;  cele 
brated  tourists  on,  199-202;  Pennsylvania 
Canal  eclipsed,  202 ;  railways  rival,  202-205  ; 
successors  of,  202-205 ;  Forbes's  choice  of  route 
vindicated  today,  204-205. 

Old   Massac:  8,   23,   24,   25;  joined  Kaskaskia- 
Shawneetown  Trace,  25. 

Pennsylvania  pioneer,  n,  36,  37. 

Pennsylvania,    route   of,   5,    15;   see   Old   Glade 
Road. 

Phelps    Prairie     (Illinois),    to    Kaskaskia,     two 
routes,  8,  28-29. 

Potomac  to  Ohio  and  Lake  Erie    (1753):  map 
of,  3,  109;  described,  4,  21. 

Potomac  River  to  Fredericksburg,  Virginia,  Dick 
ens  describes,  12,  164-171. 

Presque  Isle  to  Fort  Le  Boeuf,  3,  75-77. 

Rutherford's  Trace,   North  Carolinians  open,  6, 

153. 

Schenectady  to  Utica  (1805),  12,   118-126. 
Seneca  Road  Company,  12,   100,   no. 


Roads  INDEX  145 

St.  Clair's:  main  thoroughfare  northward,  8, 
159,  167-172;  called  "The  Bloody  Way,"  171. 

St.  Louis  to  Shawneetown,  8,  28-29,  46. 

St.  Louis  to  Vincennes,  Indiana,  8,  37-40. 

St.  Louis  Trace:  old,  8,  34;  later,  37;  view  of 
near  Lawrenceville,  Illinois,  62;  as  it  appears 
today,  62-65  J  Kaskaskia  Trace  junction,  68. 

"Turkey  Foot,"  5,  33,  191. 

Utica,  New  York,  to  Batavia,  New  York  (1805), 
12,  126-140. 

Vincennes  Trace:  route  of,  8,  34-40;  Volney's 
itinerary  on,  66-68;  blue  grass  indicated  old 
camping  grounds  on,  69. 

Virginia:  routes  from  Potomac  and  James  rivers 
to  New  River,  6,  29;  Fort  Chissel  meeting 
place  of  two  branches  of,  29;  Dickens's  de 
scription  of,  12,  166-171. 

Washington,  D.  C,  to  Pittsburg,  Hewett's  itin 
erary  of,  ii,  118. 

Washington  to  Baltimore,  severe  grades  on,  15, 
88. 

Washington:  on  Laurel  Hill,  view  of,  3,  frontis 
piece;  meaning  of,  15,  16;  map  of,  93;  com 
pleted  to  Great  Meadows,  152;  building  to 
Mount  Braddock,  153;  development  of,  205- 
215. 


146  INDEX  Roads 

ROADS:  Names  and  Data  (continued)  — 

Wayne's:  cut  northward,  8,  193;  Indian  object 
to,  193-194;  route  of,  194-199;  in  Cincinnati, 
195;  in  Hamilton,  195;  in  Preble  County,  196; 
near  Eaton,  196;  near  Ithaca,  Ohio,  196;  John 
Woodington  settled  beside,  196;  pioneers 
traced,  196-197. 

Wheeling  to  Bellville  (1796),  12,  72-73- 
Wilderness:  view  of,  near  Cumberland  Gap,  6, 
frontispiece;  origin  of  name,  13-1 4;  James 
Lane  Allen's  tribute  to,  18;  Fort  Chissel  start 
ing  point  of,  29 ;  Boone  marks  out,  43 ;  early 
settlements  on,  44;  Indian  trail  followed  by, 
58,  62,  65;  Ohio  River  route  compared  to,  81- 
82 ;  white  men  first  traverse,  82 ;  Boone's  early 
acquaintance  with  route  of,  83 ;  Boone  engaged 
to  open,  93;  route  of,  93,  94;  Felix  Walker's 
description  of,  94-100;  experiences  of  first 
travelers  on,  94-100;  Daniel  Boone,  kindness 
of,  100 ;  Henderson  meets  pioneers  returning 
from  Kentucky  on,  105;  experiences  of  Will 
iam  Calk's  party  on,  107-117;  Filson's  itin 
erary  on,  118-122;  Brown's  itinerary  on,  123- 
130;  traversable  by  wagons  to  Martin's  Station 
in  1775,  133;  Capt.  Joseph  Martin's  Indian 
Agency  on,  138-139;  early  dangers  of  travel- 


Roads  INDEX  147 

ing  on,  139-144;  announcements  of  parties 
formed  to  go  over,  140143 ;  Indians  attack  pio 
neers  on,  142-143;  forts  guarding,  149;  Revo 
lutionary  struggle  along,  149-159;  bravery  of 
Watauga  frontiersmen  kept  open  the,  155; 
Roosevelt  on  value  of  keeping  open  the,  155; 
James  Lane  Allen  on  importance  of,  177-178; 
strategic  value  of,  182-192;  influenced  question 
of  Mississippi  navigation,  186-187;  Kentucky's 
growth  influenced  by,  188-190;  old  Northwest 
benefited  by,  190;  improvement  of,  194-205; 
description  of  typical  travelers  on,  195-196; 
proposal  to  make  thirty  feet  wide,  203 ;  Daniel 
Boone  asserts  claim  to  having  first  blazed,  203 ; 
Kentucky  guards  and  improves,  203 ;  Daniel 
Boone  writes  Governor  Shelby  for  contract  to 
improve,  203-204;  tollgates  on,  204;  present- 
day  condition  of,  204;  James  Lane  Allen  on 
present  condition  of,  204-205 ;  James  Lane 
Allen's  description  of  Cumberland  Gap,  205- 
207. 

York,  Pennsylvania,  to  Harrisburg,  Dickens's 
experiences  on,  12,  172-178. 

Zane's  Trace:  taverns  on,  10,  156-157;  Act  of 
Congress  authorizing,  u,  156;  blazed,  158- 
159;  description  of  (1797),  159;  bridge  on, 


148  INDEX  Roads 

ROADS:  Zane's  Trace  (continued)  — 

162;  ferriage  on,  164;  mail  route  established 
on,  164;  Maysville  turnpike  veto  affects,  165- 
174. 

Road  working  days,  pioneer,  described,  n,  101-102; 
verses  on,  104. 

Roberts,  Nathan  S.,  estimates  cost  of  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Canal,  13,  88;  report  on  Erie  Canal, 
14,  191. 

Robertson,  Chief-justice,  immigration  to  Kentucky 
described  by,  6,  195-197- 

Robinson,  John,  6,  200. 

Robinson,  Moncure,  in  charge  of  Allegheny  Portage 
Railway,  13,  196. 

Robinson's,  Major,  12,  46. 

Roche  de  Bout:  Indian  convention  at,  8,  189; 
United  States  Commissioners  not  allowed  to  ap 
proach,  189;  spy  reports  proceedings  at  Indian 
convention  at,  190-192. 

Rochester,  inaugural  ceremonies  of  Erie  Canal  at, 
14,  141-142. 

Rochester,  John,  6,  2O2. 

Rock  Creek,  Braddock's  troops  at,  4,  76,  78. 

Rockford,  Ohio,  Fort  Adams  erected  near,  8,  207. 

Rogers,  Capt.  John,  commands  "The  Willing,"  8, 

33- 


Ryan's  INDEX  149 

Rogers,  John,  6,  202. 

Rogers,  Lieutenant,  8,  106. 

Rogers's,  10,  162. 

Rollin's,  10,  154. 

Romaine  Prairie,  8,  50. 

Rome  (New  York):  map  of  portage  at,  7,  142; 
strategic  position  historically  considered,  143-148; 
canal  at,  14,  29-30,  36;  celebration  of  opening 
of  Erie  Canal  at,  116-119. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore:  brutality  of  pioneers  excused 
by,  6,  36;  Watauga  settlers  eulogized  by,  155; 
appoints  "Roosevelt  Erie  Canal  Committee,"  14, 
198. 

Rosewalt  [Roosevelt]  first  steamboat  on  Ohio  com 
manded  by,  9,  137. 

Row,  Mr.,  12,  119. 

Ruddle's  Station,  Bird  attacks,  6,  168-169. 

Rumsey,  James:  elected  manager  Potomac  Com 
pany,  13,  56;  resigned,  58. 

Rupp,  Early  History  of  Western  Pennsylvania, 
cited,  9,  38. 

Rural  delivery,  early  opposition  of  country  residents 
to,  15,  22. 

Rush's,  10,  1 60. 

Russell  Place,  6,  131. 

Russell's,  12,  138. 

Ryan's,  n,  139. 


SALEM  (Illinois),  Clark's  route  near,  8,  43. 
Salt  Springs:  explanation  of,  i,  106;  near  Clay 
City,  Illinois,  on  route  of  Clark's  march 
to  Vincennes,  8,  66;  at  Onondaga,  12,  129. 

Sampey's,  10,  160. 

Sample,  George,  itinerary  of  trip  over  Zane's  Trace 
(1797),  n,  159-163. 

Sampson's  Mill,  Braddock's  Road  near,  4,  189. 

Samuels,  Abraham,  12,  32. 

Sanford,  Laura  G.,  History  of  Erie  County,  Penn 
sylvania,  cited,  2,  no. 

Sanger,  Jedediah,  12,  no. 

Sargent,  History  of  Braddock's  Expedition,  cited,  4, 
62,  et  seq. 

Sargent,  Maj.  Winthrop,  9,  63. 

Sargent's,  12,  44. 

Sanders,  Mrs.,  6,   123. 

Saunders,  John :  Clark's  guide,  8,  27 ;  Clark  threat 
ens  with  death,  223-224. 

Scatcherd,  John  N.,  on  Roosevelt  Erie  Canal  com 
mittee,  14,  198. 


Searight's  INDEX  151 

Scharf,  History  of.  Western  Maryland,  cited,  12, 
23 ;  13,  66,  et  seq. 

Schenectady  (New  York)  :  early  forms  of  name,  12, 
118;  discontent  occasioned  by  Erie  Canal  at,  14, 
144-145. 

Schieren,  Charles  A.,  on  Black  Commission,  14,  197. 

Schriver,  James:  An  Account  of  Surveys  and  Ex 
aminations  with  remarks  and  Documents  rela 
tive  to  the  projected  Chesapeake  and  Ohio,  and 
Ohio  and  Lake  Erie  Canals,  cited,  13,  66-67,  et 
seq.\  toast  at  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  ban 
quet,  73. 

Schuyler,  Philip:  efforts  in  behalf  of  Mohawk  im 
provement,  14,  21,  26,  40,  et  seq.;  Letters  on 
Canals,  40. 

Scioto  Company,  formation  of,  9,  62. 

Scotland,  early  traveling  in,  n,  3031. 

Scott,  Brigadier-General:  ordered  to  attack  Wabash 
Indians,  8,  115,  120;  ordered  suddenly  to  Fort 
Jefferson,  192;  describes  Daniel  Boone,  202; 
reaches  Fort  Greenville  with  fifteen  hundred 
troops,  204. 

Scott,  Captain,  8,  106;  killed,  233. 

Scott,  Hugh,  Narrative,  quoted,  8,  89. 

Scott's  Station,  6,   131. 

Searight's,  10,   160. 


152  INDEX  Searight 

Searight,  Thomas  B.,  The  Old  Pike,  cited,  10,  n, 

110113. 

Seaton  House,  10,  158. 

Section-lines,  error  of  making  roads  on,  15,  87. 
Sehon,  John  L.,  12,  31. 
Semple's,  12,  54. 
"Seneca  Chief,"  part  in  opening  Erie   Canal,    14, 

139. 

Seneca  Lake,  Bigelow  describes,  12,  134. 
Serpent  mound,  I,  88. 
Seven  Ranges,  survey  of,  9,  63. 
Seven  Years'  War,  opening  of,  5,  67. 
Severance,   Frank   H.,    Old  Trails  of  the  Niagara 

Frontier,  7,  47. 

Seviers,  John,  hero  of  Fort  Watauga,  6,   101. 
Sewickley,  Great,  Braddock's  Road  near,  4,  188. 
Sewickly,  5,   186. 
Sganzin,  on  curved  roads,  15,  92. 
"Shades  of  Death,"  Braddock's  Road  in,  4,  184,  195. 
Shaler,  N.  S.:  Man  and  Nature  in  America,  I,  102; 

Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Kentucky, 

104;  Kentucky's  debt  to  Virginia  noted  by,  6,  41. 
Shane's  Crossing,  Harmar  crossed  St.  Mary  at,  8, 

99,  207 ;  see  Rockford,  Ohio. 
Shanoppin's  Town,  5,  21. 
Sharpe,  Governor,  activity  of,  4,  34. 


Shippensburg  INDEX  153 

Shattuck,  Samuel,  .Narrative,  7,  158-160. 

Shawana  Cabbins,  see  Shawonese  Cabbin. 

Shawanese:  sketch  of,  3,  56-59;  English  possession 
of  West  objected  to  by,  5,  166;  Fort  Pitt  to  be 
captured  by  (1763),  174;  Draper's  Meadow 
raided  by,  6,  82 ;  Dunmore's  War  against,  85-87 ; 
Celoron  among,  9,  45;  Treaty  with  (1786),  59. 

Shawonese  Cabbin,  on  Forbes's  Road,  5,  20. 

Shayne,  C.  C.,  on  Black  Commission,  14,  197. 

Shelbeys,  John,  6,  101. 

Shelby,  Gov.  Isaac:  6,  197;  Daniel  Boone  writes 
to,  asking  for  contract  to  improve  Wilderness 
Road,  203-204. 

Shepard's,  12,   120. 

Shepherd,  Antiquities  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  cited,  I, 
92. 

Sherrard,  Robert,  12,  31. 

Shethar's,  12,  127. 

Shiloh  Hill  (Illinois),  Clark's  route  on,  8,  30. 

Shingiss,  Washington  visits,  3,  99. 

Ship-building  on  the  Ohio,  history  of,  9,    133-136. 

Shipley's,  10,   160. 

Shippen,  "Draught  of  the  Monongahela  and 
Youghiogheny  Rivers,"  5,  29. 

Shippensburg  (Pennsylvania)  :  Fort  Franklin  erect 
ed  at,  5,  46;  people  fleeing  from,  53. 


154  INDEX  Shirley 

Shirley,  Governor:  Washington  criticises,  5,  41-42; 

Braddock  succeeded  by,  65 ;  council  of  war  called 

by  (1756),  65. 

Shirleysburg  (Pennsylvania),  old  name  of,  5,  19. 
Snoop's,  12,  60. 
Short,  Peyton,  6,  200. 
Shulty's,  10,  159. 
Shulze,    Governor,    approves    Pennsylvania    Canal 

bill,  13,  182. 
Shuter's,  shares  in  Potomac  Company  offered  at,  13, 

61. 

Sidebottom,  Peter,  6,  201. 
Sideling  Hill   (Pennsylvania),  explanation  of  name 

of,  ii,   135- 

Sigler,  William,  12,  31. 

Silvy,  Lieutenant,  at  McKee's  house  during  con 
vention  at  Roche  de  Bout,  8,  191. 

Simcoe,  Governor,  entertains  United  States  com 
missioners  at  Niagara,  8,  188. 

Simpkins's,  12,  69-70. 

Simpson's,  4,  196. 

Simpson's,  Widow,  6,  123. 

Six  Mile  House,  10,  159. 

Skinner,  Mr.,  12,  43. 

Skinner's,  n,  135. 


Smith  INDEX  155 

Slane,  Thomas,  12,  31. 

Sleighing,  chief  amusement  of  New  Yorkers  in  1796, 
n,  115. 

Sloan's,  10,  164. 

Slough,  Captain:  leads  scouting  party,  8,  149-150; 
reports  to  Butler,  151 ;  excused  from  reporting  to 
St.  Clair,  151. 

Smeaton,  John,  the  days  of,  13,  21. 

Smith,  Abraham,  12,  31. 

Smith,  Alexander  R.,  on  Black  Commission,  14, 
197. 

Smith,  Col.  James,  Kentucky  explored  by,  6,  79. 

Smith,  Daniel,  6,  109. 

Smith,  Edward,  10,   162. 

Smith,  Enoch,  6,  107,  116. 

Smithfield  (Big  Crossings)  Pennsylvania,  early  tav 
erns  at,  10,  1 60. 

Smith,  History  of  Kentucky,  I,  1 1 8. 

Smith,  Prof.  Justin  H.,  Arnold's  Quebec  campaign 
described  by,  7,  115-118. 

Smith's  10,   155. 

Smith's,  10,  1 60. 

Smith,  S.  H.,  committeeman  to  memorialize  Con 
gress  in  behalf  of  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal, 
13,  74- 


156  INDEX  Smith 

Smith,  William  Henry:  The  St.  Glair  Papers,  cited, 
8,  134,  et  seq.-,  on  effect  of  early  settlement  north 
of  Ohio  River,  9,  57. 

Smith,  W.  P.,  A  History  and  Description  of  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  13,  98,  et  seq. 

Snyder's,  10,  160. 

"Society  for  promoting  the  improvement  of  roads 
and  inland  navigation,"  memorial  to  Pennsylvania 
Assembly  (1791),  !3,  29-30,  171-173- 

Sommerville,  John,  12,  31. 

Spafford,  on  the  Great  Western  Turnpike,  12,  149. 

Spalding,  on  macadamized  roads,  15,  158-160. 

Sparks,  Jared:  Braddock's  route  described  by,  4, 
168-172;  Braddock's  defeat  described  by,  171- 
172;  Writings  of  Washington,  cited,  2,  72,  et 
seq.;  14,  124;  Life  of  Gouverneur  Morris,  cited, 
14,  44;  quoted,  45. 

Speed,  ^ta^  T.  Wt,  Wilderness  Road,  cited,  2,  73; 
6,  16,  123,  178. 

Spendelow,  Lieutenant,  discovers  new  route  for 
Braddock  around  Wills  Mountain,  4,  99. 

Spofford,  A.  R.,  14,  12. 

"Spread  Eagle,"  10,  155. 

Springs:  old-time  importance  of,  2,  50-51;  Indians 
refuse  to  inform  pioneers  of  location  of,  12,  133. 

Sprout's,  7,  123. 


Standing  INDEX  157 

Spurgeon,  James,   12,  22. 

Squier  and  Davis,  Ancient  Monuments  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  i,  91-92. 

Stackpole's,  12,  49. 

Stage  Coach  and  Tavern  Days,  by  Alice  Morse 
Earle,  cited,  2,  75,  76. 

Stage  coaches:  sold  to  Wild  West  shows,  10,  126; 
postmaster-general  offers  premiums  for,  126-127; 
description  of,  126-128;  cost  of,  128;  record 
runs  of,  133-134;  schedule  of  Ohio  lines  (1835), 
134-138;  Ohio  laws  for  protection  of  passengers, 
139-141;  form  of  tickets  used  on  Cumberland 
Road,  140-141;  Dickens  mentions,  12,  165-166; 
dissatisfaction  marks  advent  of  coaches,  n,  62;  in 
England,  63-64;  said  to  be  injurious  to  breed  of 
horses,  63;  the  converse,  10,  122;  remarkable 
argument  against,  advanced  in  England,  n,  63- 
64 ;  new  age  of  road-building  introduced  by,  67 ; 
ride  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore  (1796)  in, 
68;  described  (1796)  by  Francis  Baily,  108-109; 
monopoly  of,  12,  150;  rivalries  of  drivers,  10, 
133-134;  exclamation  to  horses  in  America  and 
England  typical  of  the  two  nationalities,  12,  167; 
Dickens  hires  private  coach,  180. 

Stagg,  Doctor,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  139. 

Standing  Stone,  villages  by  name  of,  2,  29. 


158  INDEX  Starr's 

Starr's,  10,   164. 

State-aid  plan  in  good  roads  movement,  15,  50-5 1 ; 
see  Good  Roads. 

St.  Clair,  Arthur:  empowered  by  President  Wash 
ington  (1789)  to  call  out  militia,  8,  82;  to  Secre 
tary  of  War  on  hostility  of  northwestern  Indians, 
83 ;  calls  on  militia,  84 ;  directs  Harmar's  prepa 
rations,  85-86;  plans  campaign  of  1791,  116-125; 
Gen.  Richard  Butler  appointed  second  in  com 
mand  under,  119;  Secretary  of  War's  instructions 
to,  119;  building  of  fort  at  Miami  Village  sug 
gested,  119;  created  commander-in-chief,  119; 
army  raised  slowly,  120-121 ;  proceeds  to  Fort 
Washington,  121 ;  army  sails  for  Fort  Washing 
ton,  122;  Knox  writes  to,  urging  haste,  122;  finds 
army  in  wretched  condition,  124-128;  Narrative 
o/,  cited,  124,  et  seq.;  moves  camp  to  Ludlow's 
Station,  129;  plans  chain  of  forts,  129;  orders 
Butler  to  advance  in  three  columns,  131 ;  reaches 
Fort  Hamilton,  134;  finds  desertion  common,  133- 
134;  Major  Denny  aid-de-camp  to,  134;  upbraids 
Ludlow,  135;  Butler  apologizes  to,  136;  explains 
Butler's  disaffection,  137;  urges  Hodgdon  to 
hasten  provision  trains,  139-140;  denies  Butler's 
request  to  lead  a  flying  column,  141 ;  embitters 


St.  Clair  INDEX  159 

Butler,  141-142  ;.  hampered  by  desertions,  143;  ill 
ness  of,  144;  talks  with  officers  around  camp  fire, 
144-145;  misjudges  Indian  movements,  145;  But 
ler  excused  Slough  from  reporting  to,  151;  igno 
rant  of  danger,  152;  in  battle,  153-156;  defeat 
of,  156,159;  battle-ground  visited,  168-169;  inau 
guration  as  Governor  of  Northwest  Territory,  9, 
64;  travels  eastward  from  Cincinnati  by  land,  12, 
76-77;  Narrative  of  the  Campaign  against  the 
Indians,  cited,  8,  124,  et  seq. 

St.  Clair,  Sir  John :  prepares  for  Braddock's  cam 
paign,  4,  54;  appointed  Forbes's  quartermaster,  5, 
76 ;  Forbes  has  little  respect  for,  76 ;  urges  Forbes 
to  change  rendezvous,  76 ;  Braddock's  defeat  a 
lesson  to,  83 ;  Governor  Sharpe's  influence  over, 
84 ;  letter  to  Bouquet,  concerning  change  of  route, 
84;  indecision  as  to  roads,  84;  argues  in  favor  of 
Virginia  road,  86,  87,  90;  letter  to  Bouquet  op 
posing  Pennsylvania  route,  90;  fails  to  provide 
forage,  95;  vacillating  course  of,  127-128;  ac 
cused  by  Forbes  of  misapplying  utensils,  128,129; 
accused  by  Forbes  of  treachery,  129;  Old  Glade 
Road  built  by,  144-149;  criticised  by  Forbes,  146- 
147. 

St.  Clair  Papers,  cited,  8,  134,  et  seq.,  9,  54. 


160  INDEX  St.  Clairsville 

St.  Clairsville  (Ohio),  early  taverns  in,  10,  156. 

St.  Cosme,  Lieutenant,  with  Governor  Hamilton,  7, 
171. 

Stealy,  Jacob,  12,  31. 

Steamboating,  early  history  of  western,  9,  137-150. 

Steamboat  tonnage,  comparative  tables  of,  9,  144- 
149. 

Steedman,  William,  spy  among  northwestern  In 
dians,  8,  164. 

Steele,  William,  6,  198. 

Stephen,  Captain:  arrival  at  Wills  Creek,  3,  126; 
on  Old  Glade  Road,  5,  153- 

Steuben,   Baron,  Washington's  opinion  of,  8,   173. 

Steuwart,  William,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway 
director,  13,  no. 

Stevensburg,  4,  195. 

Stevenson,  David,  6,  199. 

Stevenson,  David:  on  Pennsylvania  corduroy  roads, 
II,  71-72;  Sketch  of  the  Civil  Engineering  of 
North  America,  quoted  on  roads,  71-72;  on  Mor 
ris  Canal  inclined  planes,  13,  I93-J94- 

Stewart  and   Plunket,  Philadelphia  merchant  firm, 

13,  59- 

Stewart,  Richardson:  appointed  assistant  superin 
tendent  of  Potomac  Company,  13,  58;  repri 
manded,  58. 


Storms  INDEX  161 

Stewart's  Crossing,  Braddock's  Road  at  4,  175. 
Stewartsville  ( Pennsylvania), Braddock's  Road  near, 

4,  189. 

Stimson,  Rodney  Metcalf,  I,  34. 
Stitcher's,  Herman,  12,  51. 
St.  Louis,  tax  of  poor  roads  on  inhabitants  of,  15, 

49-50. 
Stockton  and  Stokes's  horse-car  races  with  Cooper's 

"Tom  Thumb,"  13,  130. 
Stockton,  Lucius  W.,  owner  of  the  Stockton  Line, 

10,   124. 

Stoddard,  Colonel,  7,  119. 
Stoddard's,  10,  159. 

Stone,  Gen.  Roy,  portrait  of,  15,  frontispiece. 
Stone,  Miss  Elizabeth,  7,   154. 
Stone,  W.  L.,  Narrative  of  the  Festivities  observed 

in  honor  of   the  completion   of   the   Grand  Erie 

Canal,  cited,  14,   137. 
Stone  Tavern,  10,  160. 

Strong,  A.,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  142. 
Strong,  E.  B.,  in  Erie  Canal  celebration,  14,  142. 
Stone-house  Tavern,  6,  121. 
Stone-mill,  6,  131. 
Stoner,  Michael,  Richard  Henderson  assisted  by,  6, 

106. 
Storms,  early  travelers  annoyed  by,  6,  68. 


162  INDEX  Stove 

Stove  poker,  kept  under  lock  and  key,  10,  167. 

St.  Pierre,  Legardeur  de:  Dinwiddie's  letter  to,  3, 
108-112;  letter  to  Governor  Dinwiddie,  115-117. 

Stroad,  Captain,  consulted  by  Washington  (1784) 
as  to  western  routes,  12,  18-19. 

Stuart,  Otis  Kendall,  on  Washington,  3,  24. 

Stump,   Leonard,   12,   89. 

Stumps,  Dickens  fancifully  describes,  12,  184-185. 

St.  Yotoc,  9,  44. 

Sullivan,  James,  The  History  of  the  District  of 
Maine,  7,  no. 

Sullivan,  John  L.,  outlines  route  of  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal,  13,  78. 

Summit  House,  10,  160. 

Sumner,  Charles,  on  good  roads,  15,  82. 

Sumner  (Illinois),  St.  Louis  Trace  at,  8,  63. 

Surveyors,  incident  illustrating  accuracy  of  early, 
14,  114-115. 

Sutton,  James,  6,  199. 

Swann,  Thomas:  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  cen 
tral  committeeman,  13,  74;  toasted  as  President 
of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway,  135. 

Swart's,  Jacob,  14,  27. 

Swartwout,  agitator  for  Erie  Canal,  14,  60. 

Sweet,  S.  H.,  Public  Documents  relating  to  New 
York  canals,  14,  n,  et  seq. 


Taverns  INDEX  163 

Swiney's,  6,   123. 

Sycamore,  Washington  found  large,  6,  61. 
Sylvester,  Northern  New  York,  7,  46,  73. 
Symmes,    John    Cleves,    purchases    Symmes'    grant, 

9,  65. 
Symonds,   Maj.  T.  W.,  on  Roosevelt  Erie  Canal 

committee,  14^  198. 


TAGGART,  Hugh  T.,  4,  78. 
Tanner,   H.  S.,  A  Brief  Description  of  the 
Canals  and  Railroads  of  the  United  States, 
quoted,  13,  208-211;  cited,  14,  173. 
Tarascon,    Berthoud   and   Company,    early   naviga 
tion  firm,  9,  107,  133. 

Taverns:  character  of  early  western,  10,  157;  legis 
latures  meet  in,  161 ;  fire-places,  165-166;  inte 
riors,  165-167;  sign  posts  on,  167;  kitchens,  168; 
typical  landlord,  169-171;  liquors  kept  at, 
170;  advertised  for  sale,  208;  views  of 
early,  n,  87,  134;  exorbitant  charges  at, 
1 1 8,  I43>'  common  name  for  inn,  119; 
typical  mountain,  120;  pioneer  Kentucky,  194- 
201 ;  barbarous  behavior  of  landlord,  12,  68  ; 


f  UNIVERoii  / 


164  INDEX  Taverns 

Taverns  (continued)  — 

blockhouses  as,  83-84 ;  experiences  in  rude  western, 
91-93;  unpleasant  scene  at,  138;  "clean"  sheets 
at,  139;  interior  of,  139;  "inns"  legal  name  in 
New  York,  153;  merely  drinking  places,  153- 
154;  President  Dwight  on  pioneer,  I53-I54>'  kept 
by  literary  landlord,  155;  Dickens  describes 
typical  Ohio,  178-180;  menus  at,  9,  120,  123, 
143-144,  199-200;  12,  137,  190-191;  mentioned, 
4,  76,  77,  85,  87,  88,  194,  195;  5,  85;  6,  54, 
55,  56,  57,  101,  102,  108,  109,  1 10,  121,  122, 
123,  124,  130,  131;  10,  32,  33,  34,  J53,  154, 
155,  156,  157,  158,  159,  1 60,  161,  162,  163, 
164;  n,  118,  119-121,  127,  129,  130-132,  135, 
137,  I38-I41,  H3J  12,  24,  25,  32,  43,  44,  46, 
47,  48,  49,  50,  51,  52-53,  54,  55,  56,  57,  58, 
60,  67,  68,  69,  70,  78,  80,  119,  120,  121,  126, 
127,  128,  129,  130-132,  136-141,  153-155. 

Tax,  Dodge  on  general  road,  15,  73-74- 

Tayler,  Lieut.  Gov.  John,  14,   no. 

Taylor,  A.  M.,  in  later  history  of  Lancaster  Turn 
pike,  ii,  95-97- 

Taylor,  Dr.  H.  C,  Old  Portage  Road,  quoted,  7, 

154-155. 
Taylor,  Gen.  James,  autobiography,  i,  116. 


Thomas  INDEX  165 

Taylor,  Hubbard,  6,  198. 

Taylor,  Othniel,  Genesee  Road  Commissioner,  12, 

100. 
Taylor,    Richard,    subscriber   to   Wilderness    Road 

fund,  6,   198. 
Taylor,  Robert,  early  tavern  keeper  at  Zanesville 

(Ohio),  10,  161. 
Taylor's,  10,   161. 
Taylor,    Samuel,    subscriber    to    Wilderness    Road 

fund,  6,  198. 
Taylor's,  Edmund,  4,  194. 
Teacup  Knob,  Clark's  route  near,  8,  30,  31. 
Teagarden,  George,  6,  200. 
Tea  Spring,  Harmar  names,  8,  97. 
"Telegraph  Coach  Line,"  10,  135. 
"Temple  of  Juno"  (tavern),  10,  159. 
Ten  Mile  House,  10,  161. 
Territory   northwest   of   the   River   Ohio,    erected, 

9,  60. 

Thackeray,  The  Newcomes,  quoted,  10,  121-123. 
They's,  Ferry  of,  4,  77. 
Thistle  Tavern,   10,   159. 
Thomas,  Dr.  Cyrus,  Catalogue  of  Prehistoric  Works 

East   of   the   Rocky   Mountains,    quoted,    I,    43, 

et  seq. 


166  INDEX  Thomas 

Thomas,  Edward  S.,  6,  197. 

Thomas,  Erie  Canal  engineer  honored  at  inaugura 
tion,  14,  132,  149. 

Thomas,  Evan,  experimental  locomotive  of,  13,  127. 

Thomas,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  journey  to  Kentucky,  6, 
117-118. 

Thomas,  Nathaniel,  6,  91. 

Thomas,  Philip  E. :  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal 
commissioner,  13,  95 ;  promotes  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railway,  95-98;  elected  president,  no. 

Thompson,  Chief  Justice,  14,  no. 

Thompson,  George,  6,  199. 

Thompson,  Josias,  surveyor  of  Cumberland  Road, 
10,  27. 

Thompson,  Lieutenant,  surveyed  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  route,  13,  109. 

Thompson's,  6,   124. 

Thompson's,  10,  156. 

Thompson's,  12,  53. 

Thompson's,  Joseph,  6,  123. 

Thompson,  William  B.,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal 
contractor,  13,  159. 

Thompson,  ye  Quaker,  4,  77. 

Thorp,  Captain,  killed  at  Harmar's  defeat,  8,  106. 

Three  Springs,  5,  19. 

Thruston,  Buckner,  6,  200. 


Tongue  INDEX  167 

Thwaites,  R.  G.:  quoted  on  Fort  Miami,  7,  179; 
editor  of  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  cited, 
9,  118;  Withers's  Chronicles  of  Border  Warfare, 
12,  26;  The  Jesuit  Relations  and  Allied  Docu 
ments,  2,  19-62;  9,  26-46. 

Tilghman,  Frisby,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  cen 
tral  committeeman,  13,  74. 

Tilley's  Hotel,  13,  103. 

Toby's  Creek,  in  Washington's  plan  of  communica 
tions,  13,  45-46. 

Todd,  Col.  John,  6,  129. 

Todd,  Col.  Levi,  6,  201. 

Todd,  Robert,  6,  198. 

Todd's,  Parson,  4,  194. 

Todd,  Thomas,  6,   198. 

Tolls  charged  on  Seneca  Turnpike,  New  York,  12, 
in. 

Tomlinson,  Joseph,  12,  31. 

Tomlinson's,  10,  153;  12,  67-68. 

Tomlinson,  William,  6,  50. 

"Tom  Thumb,"  races  with  Stockton  and  Stokes's 
horse-cars,  13,  130. 

Toner,  Journal  of  Colonel  George  Washington,  3, 
122,  et  seq.;  9,  40. 

Tongue,  Hon.  Thomas  H.,  quoted,  on  sociological 
effect  of  good  roads,  14,  38-43. 


168  INDEX  Tontine 

Tontine  Coffee  House,  14,  60. 

Tonty,  7,  36. 

Topographical  Description    of  the  Middle   British 
Colonies,  Pownall,  quoted,  2,  32,  33. 

Totten,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  outlines  route  for  Ches 
apeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  13,  78. 

Towns,  classic  name  of  New  York,  7,  145. 

Trace  (buffalo)  :  used  by  travelers,  I,  m  ;  Walker 
explores  Kentucky  on,  112,  113;  buffaloes  dispute 
right  of  way  with  travelers  on,  114,  115  J  identical 
with  Indian  trails,  114;  described,  115-119;  route 
of  pioneer  army,  118,  121,  126;  as  transconti 
nental  routes,  131;  from  seaboard  to  Middle 
West,  133;  ran  north  and  south,  135;  influenced 
Indian  migrations,  136;  followed  by  railways, 
138;  at  portages,  139;  Limestone  Creek  to 
Bryant's  Station,  6,  179;  across  Illinois  from  Ohio 
River,  8,  16;  across  Illinois  on  watersheds,  34. 

TRAILS  ( INDIAN )- 

In  General:  more  easily  traversed  than  rivers,  2, 
14;  impeded,  22;  n,  22-23;  not  blazed  by 
aborigines,  2,  29 ;  blazed,  6,  62 ;  laid  out  on  buf 
falo  traces,  2,  15;  high  location  of,  15;  12,  197; 
circuitous  in  low  ground,  2,  20-21;  12,  200-202; 
description  of,  2,  16-19;  easily  found  today,  18-19; 


Trails  INDEX  169 

lore  of,  22 ;  crossed  streams  on  bars,  23 ;  unim 
proved,  26-27 ;  "Indian  Stones"  beside,  28 ;  as 
boundary  lines,  44 ;  classification  of,  45 ;  for  hunt 
ing?  45;  hunting,  distinguished  from  war  paths, 
12,  199;  for  war,  2,  47-53;  used  by  missionaries, 
93 ;  by  explorers,  93 ;  in  military  campaigns,  94- 
95,  144-148;  5,  92;  8,  25,  138;  routes  of  pioneers, 
2>  95-96;  how  the  author  found  his  first,  117- 
118;  appearance  of  a  primeval,  n,  16-17;  nar 
rowness  of,  17-18;  steps  in  evolution  of,  21-105; 
packhorse,  27-30. 
Names  and  Data : 

Alleghenies,  the  best  trail  across,  5,   15. 
Canadian,  Father  Buteux  on,  2,  35-43. 
Cuyahoga-Muskingum,   described,  2,    in. 
Fort  Miami,  described,  2,  115. 
Great:  i,   67;    described,  2,     107;   followed    by 

Bouquet,  125;  Gist  on,  6,  74. 
Great  Warrior,  5,   17. 
Iroquois:  described,  2,  68,  76-85;  no  early  road 

built  upon,  12,  96;  see  Genesee  Road. 
Kiskiminitas  River,  5,  23. 
Kittanning,  described,  2,  17,  18,  71,  85-89. 
Lake  Shore,  described,  2,   103. 
Ligonier  to  Pittsburg,  5,   18-19. 
McCulloch's  Path,  n,  26. 


170  INDEX  Trails 

TRAILS:  Names  and  Data  (continued)  — 
Mahoning,  described,  2,  104. 
Miami,  described,  2,   114. 
Mingo,  n,  154-155. 
Monongahela:  described,  2,   18;  explorations  on, 

122-124. 
Muskingum:  on  Wallace  Ridge,  view  of,  2,  118; 

described,   118;   exploration  of,    121-122,    126- 

129;  view  of,  126. 
Nations,  War  trail  of,  2,  92. 
Nemacolin's    (Path):    described,    2,    72,    89-91; 

historically    considered,     133-135;   explorations 

on,  134-135;  followed  by  Braddock,   135-136; 

route    of    Cumberland     Road,     137-138;    see 

Washington's  and  Braddock's  Roads. 
Ohio  and  Western  Pennsylvania,  map  of,  2,  105. 
Old   Connecticut    (Path),   described,   2,   67,   74, 

75- 

Old  Trading:  route  of,  5,  17-19;  Croghan  de 
scribes,  22 ;  itinerary  of  John  Harris  on,  23  ; 
road  for  Braddock  opened  along,  25-34;  see 
Old  Glade  Road. 

Scioto-Beaver,  described,  2,  108. 

Scioto,  described,  2,  112. 

Scioto-Monongahela,  described,  2,  109. 

Venango,  described,  2,  no. 


Trimble  INDEX  171 

Vincennes,.  near    Xenia    (Illinois),    view    of,    8, 

frontispiece. 
Virginia  Warrior's  (Path),  described,  2,  73,  91- 

92. 

Transactions  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society, 

see  Atwater. 
Transactions  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 

cited,  9,   19. 

Transylvania  Company,  history  of,  6,  91-144,   161. 
Transylvania  University,  partners  in,  6,  91. 
Trappa,  derivation  of,  15,  184. 
Trapp's  Hill,  12,  119. 
Travail,  Indian,  view  of,  n,  19. 
Travel,  early,  in  West  by  land,  i,  61. 
Trees:  soil  judged  by  size  of,  6,  61-62,  67;  big,  12, 

157. 

Tremont  Hotel,  10,   164. 

Trent,  Captain :  commissioned  to  build  fort  on  Ohio, 
3,  115;  report  from,  126;  on  Fort  Lowther,  5, 
53;  Cherokees  punished  by,  85. 

Treziyulney,  Charles,  Pennsylvania  Canal  com 
missioner,  13,  177. 

Trigg,  Col.  Stephen,  6,   129. 

Trimble,  Lieut.  Isaac,  located  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railway,  13,  109,  no. 


172  INDEX  Trotter 

Trotter,  James,  6.  198. 

Trotter,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  in  Harmar's  campaign, 
8,  87,  101-102. 

Troutman,  Peter,  6,  199. 

Trowbridge's,  12,  121. 

Troy  (Ohio),  Harmar  camps  near,  8,  97. 

Trubley,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  in  Harmar's  cam 
paign,  8,  88. 

Trueman,  Capt.  Alexander:  messenger  to  Indians, 
8,  170;  murdered,  171 ;  found  by  May,  182. 

Tumblestone's,  see  Tomlinson's. 

Tunnel:  first  American  planned  by  Schriver,  13, 
68;  early  English,  68;  view  of  first,  201. 

"Turkey  Foot"  (Confluence,  Pennsylvania) ,  strat 
egic  position  of,  3,  134. 

Turner,  John,  12,  72. 

Turner,  Professor  Frederick  J. :  Indian  Trade  of 
Wisconsin,  cited,  7,  185;  rights  of  first  settlers 
north  of  the  Ohio  discussed  by,  9,  58. 

Turpin,  Sur  la  Guerre,  cited  by  General  Forbes,  5, 
80. 

Turtle  Creek :  arrival  of  Braddock  at,  4,  117;  forti 
fication  at,  5,  1 8  6. 

Twelve  Mile  Prairie,  Vincennes  Trace  in,  8,  52. 

Tyler,  John,  nominated  for  vice-president,  14,   170. 

Tyler's,  12,  128. 


UNADILLA  (New  York)  :  President  Dwight 
describes,  12,  155-160;  Erie  Canal  stops 
growth  of,  61. 

Union  College  Guards,  celebrate  opening  of  Erie 
Canal,  14,  145. 

Uniontown  (Pennsylvania)  :  Pennsylvania  compels 
United  States  government  to  lay  Cumberland 
Road  through,  10,  54;  early  taverns  at,  158. 

United  States  Hotel,  10,   160. 

United  States:  improves  navigation  of  Ohio  River, 
9,  189-220;  subscribes  for  stock  in  Portland 
Canal,  203-205 ;  builds  Cumberland  Road,  10, 
18-90;  opens  Zane's  Trace  through  Ohio,  n, 
156-158;  surveys  a  route  for  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Canal,  13,  77-78;  subscribes  stock  in  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Canal,  112;  refuses  to  take  stock  in 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway,  113-114;  proposed 
to  aid  Erie  Canal  with  funds  accruing  from  sale 
of  Michigan  lands,  14,  58-59. 

Upland  House,  10,   160. 

Utica  (New  York)  :  strategic  position  of,  12,  99; 
Bigelow  describes,  121-126;  inaugural  celebration 
at  completion  of  Erie  Canal,  14,  143-144. 


VAN    CLEVE,    Benjamin,    Narrative    of    St. 
Glair's  defeat,  8,  155-156. 
Vandevener's,   12,    140. 

Vane,  on  early  meeting  house  steeple,  12,  136. 

Van  Home,  Gen.  Isaac,  10,  162. 

Van  Meter,  Isaac,  12,  31. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  pioneer  Erie  Canal  com 
missioner,  14,  52,  145,  150,  1 80,  213. 

Vauhn,  John,  6,  199. 

Veech,  James,  The  Monongahela  of  Old:  cited,  3, 
173-188;  quoted,  10,  14. 

Venango,  Celoron  at,  9,  34. 

Vieau,  Andrew  J.,  Sr.,  quoted,  n,  32. 

Villiers,  "Le  Grand:"  advances  upon  Washington, 
3>  155;  wms  battle  of  Fort  Necessity,  159-166. 

Vincennes  (Indiana)  :  Helm  occupies,  8,  32;  Ham 
ilton  retakes,  33  ;  Clark  captures,  60. 

Virginia:  debt  of  Kentucky  to,  6,  41;  attempts  to 
hold  West  by  means  of  Northwestern  TurnpiKe, 
12,  39-41 ;  good  roads  and  untilled  lands  in,  15, 

46. 


Walker  INDEX 


175 


Virginia  Military  District,  description  of,  9,  67. 

Virginians:  British  officer  compares  Pennsylvania^ 
and,  4,  157-158;  daring  enterprise  of,  6,  27-28. 

Virginia  Regiment;  history  of  campaign  of  1754,  3, 
126-188;  reasons  for  advancing  from  Wills  Creek, 
128-129;  religious  service  held,  152;  retires 
from  Mount  Braddock,  155-156;  in  battle  of  Fort 
Necessity,  159-163;  retreat  from  Fort  Necessity, 
167-170. 

Volney,  A  View  of  the  Soil  and  Climate  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  cited,  8,  47;  quoted, 
65-68. 


WABLE'S,  10,  159. 
Wagons,   professional  loaders  of,    n,    82; 

see  Conestogas. 
Wagoners:    clannish    nature    of,    n,    84;    resented 

slights,  84-85. 

Walker,  Benjamin,  12,  no. 

Walker,  Dr.  Thomas:  Journal,  i,  in,  et  seq.; 
Kentucky  explored  by,  6,  48-69 ;  sketch  of  life  of, 
50-52;  details  of  the  exploration  of,  53-69;  Sab 
bath  honored  by,  55 ;  Daniel  Bryan  outlines  route 


176  INDEX  Walker 

Walker  (continued)  — 

of,  58-59;  fruitlessness  of  exploration  of,  59;  acci 
dents  to  party  of,  64-65. 

Walker,  Felix:  blazing  of  Wilderness  Road  de 
scribed  by,  6,  94-100;  kindness  of  Daniel  Boone 
to,  100. 

Walker,  guide,  5,   IOO. 

Walker,  John  (woodsman),  recommended  by  St. 
Clair,  5,  86. 

Walker's,  4,  87;  10,  158. 

Walkin's,  10,   160. 

Wall,  William,  10,  207. 

Wallace  Ridge,  trail  on,  described,  2,  118. 

Wallcutt,  Thomas,  Journal,  quoted,  12,  43-63. 

Walnut  Hill  (Illinois),  Clark's  camp  near,  8,  46; 
St.  Louis-Shawneetown  Road  near,  46. 

Walpole,  Horace:  quoted,  3,  83;  5,  65;  Memoirs 
of  George  II,  quoted,  4,  59,  ^  ^eq. 

Walton,  Matthew,  6,  198. 

War  Atlas,  1861-65,  cited,  12,  23. 

Ward,  Captain:  Journal,  cited,  5,  94,  96;  as  guide, 

99- 

Ward,  Mr.,  14,  142. 
"Warren,  Admiral"  the,  12,  62. 
Warren  County,  Ohio,  History  of,  cited,  8,  91. 
Warren,  John,  6,  201. 


Washington  INDEX  177 

Warren,  Moses,  Jr.,  7,  161. 

"Warrior's  Island,"  Clark's  men  on,  8,  59. 

Washington,  George:  early  military  training,  3,  18- 
19;  Prof.  McMaster's  estimate  of,  20;  Charles 
James  Fox's  opinion  of,  21;  Edward  Everett  on, 
21-22;  popular  opinion  of,  24;  Otis  Kendall 
Stuart  on,  24;  President  Eliot  on,  25 ;  early  west 
ern  experiences,  26-30;  western  possessions,  30; 
plans  for  internal  improvement,  31-35;  influence 
in  making  of  the  West,  37-39;  mission  to  French 
forts,  85-119;  Governor  Dinwiddie  employs,  89- 
91;  Journal  of  /75J,  cited,  91-119;  first  western 
trip,  96-119;  visit  to  Logstown  (1753),  99-104; 
visit  to  Fort  Presque  Isle,  108-114;  attempted 
assassination,  114;  influence  of  Journal  of,  120; 
Dinwiddie's  instructions  to  (1754),  121-122; 
Journal  of  i?54,  cited,  122-172;  arrives  with 
Virginia  Regiment  at  Wills  Creek,  126-128;  serv 
ices  through  campaign  of  1754,  126-188;  history 
of  Journal  of  i?54,  128;  advances  from  Wills 
Creek  to  Great  Meadows,  130-134;  explores 
Youghiogheny  River,  133-134;  advances  on 
Jumonville,  141-147;  attack  on  Jumonville,  142- 
150;  Jumonville's  claim  of  ambassadorship  de 
nounced  by,  147-150;  King  George's  early  opinion 
of,  150;  letter  published  in  London  Magazine, 


178  INDEX  Washington 

Washington  (continued)  — 

150;  retreats  from  Mount  Braddock  to  Fort 
Necessity,  155-156;  attack  of  Villiers  on  Fort 
Necessity,  159-167;  tricked  to  acknowledge 
assassination  of  Jumonville,  164;  capitulation 
signed  at  Fort  Necessity,  164-166;  thanked  by 
Virginia  House  of  Burgesses  for  conduct  in  cam 
paign  of  1754,  1 68;  early  plans  to  unite  east  and 
west,  189;  internal  improvement  plans,  191-204; 
to  Henry  Lee  on  internal  improvements,  198; 
importance  of  campaign  of  1754,  4,  23;  Brad- 
dock's  march  described  by,  no,  114-115;  illness 
during  Braddock's  march,  no,  117-118,  124; 
great  desire  to  be  at  Braddock's  battle,  1 1 1  ; 
Braddock  buried  by,  133;  services  on  Virginia 
frontier,  1755-58,  5,  35-44;  discipline  of  militia 
urged  by,  39-40;  Everett's  eulogy,  41;  humorous 
letter  of  Lord  Fairfax  to,  42;  severe  training  in 
French  and  Indian  War,  43-44 ;  regiment  ordered 
to  Fort  Cumberland,  85 ;  arrival  at  Fort  Cum 
berland,  95 ;  to  Bouquet,  on  improving  Braddock's 
Road,  95-96;  condition  of  Braddock's  Road  accord 
ing  to,  96;  letter  to  Bouquet,  concerning  routes, 
100;  compares  Braddock's  and  Pennsylvania 
Roads,  101-102;  offers  to  advise  GeneraL  Forbes, 
102;  Bouquet  commends  attitude  of,  in;  Bou- 


Washington  INDEX  179 

quet  proposes  a  meeting  between  Forbes  and,  1 1 1 ; 
letter  to  Maj.  Francis  Halket,  prophesying 
Forbes's  failure,  112-113;  denial  of  partisanship 
in  road  question,  113;  Bouquet  criticises  lack  of 
knowledge,  114;  letter  to  Bouquet,  in  favor  of 
Braddock's  Road,  117-123;  dark  prophecies  justi 
fied  by  results,  129;  lack  of  knowledge,  130134; 
part  in  the  Virginia  "plot"  against  Pennsylvania 
Road,  135-136;  "unguarded"  letter  of,  135-136; 
Forbes  misjudged  by,  137;  early  jealousy  over 
Pennsylvania  routes,  141 ;  objections  to  Dunbar's 
route  ( 1755),  141 ;  letter  to  Major  Carlisle,  141  ; 
ordered  to  open  Braddock's  Road,  144;  faithful 
ness  of,  151 ;  Forbes  questions  loyalty  of,  153;  en 
terprising  spirit  typical,  6,  28 ;  pioneers  influenced 
by  explorations  of,  38-39 ;  big  tree  on  Ohio  found 
by,  61;  Youghiogheny  River  explored  by,  7,  63; 
MS.  Diary  of  1784,  cited,  7,  169;  n,  24;  12, 
16-28;  13,  35-50;  to  Gov.  Arthur  St.  Clair  on 
disposition  of  Wabash  and  Illinois  Indians,  8,  81 ; 
orders  St.  Clair  to  examine  waterways  of  north 
west,  82 ;  trials  during  first  term  as  president,  86- 
87 ;  memorandum  on  officers  to  succeed  St.  Clair, 
172-174;  experiences  on  western  trails,  n,  23- 
24;  later  route  of  Northwestern  Turnpike  ex 
plored  by,  12,  16-28 ;  plan  of  forming  a  continental 


180  INDEX  Washington 

Washington  (continued)  — 

trade  route  by  uniting  the  Great  Lakes,  Ohio  and 
Potomac,  13,  35-52;  scheme  of  communication 
"from  Detroit  to  Alexandria,"  42-43 ;  "avoiding 
Pennsylvania,"  43-44;  Detroit  to  Richmond,  44- 
45;  Detroit  to  Philadelphia,  45-46;  Detroit  to 
Albany,  47 ;  Detroit  to  Montreal,  48 ;  appointed 
on  Virginia  delegation  concerning  Potomac  im 
provement,  50;  confidence  in  value  of  Potomac 
Company  stock,  54;  to  Richard  Henry  Lee,  on 
Potomac  improvement,  54;  resigned  presidency 
of  Potomac  Company  to  take  presidency  of  United 
States,  62;  plan  of  communications  followed  by 
later  surveyors,  67. 

Washington  Hall,  10,   164. 

Washington  (Pennsylvania)  :  Pennsylvania  compels 
government  to  lay  Cumberland  Road  through, 
10,  54;  early  taverns  in,  155. 

Washington  Star,  cited,  4,  78. 

Watauga:  pioneer  settlement  of,  6,  30;  Boone  nego 
tiates  treaty  of,  92. 

Waterfall,  annual  on  American  roads,  15,  97. 

Watersheds:  early  roads  on,  I,  66;  archaeological 
remains  on,  69,  et  seq. ;  as  sites  of  first  habitation, 
10,  171-172. 

Watertown  (Pennsylvania),  see  Fort  Le  Bceuf. 


Wayne  INDEX  181 

Watkins,  John,  6,  198. 

Watson,  Annals  of  Philadelphia,  quoted,  n,  53~54- 

Watson,  Elkanah:  pioneer  improvement  efforts  of, 
14,  202 1,  25-26,  47;  History  of  the 
Western  Canals  in  the  State  of  New  York :  cited, 
13,  54;  14,  21,  42;  quoted,  25-26,  41,  47-4&. 

Watson,  James,  14,  25. 

Wattles  Ferry  (New  York),  President  Dwight  at, 
12,  152. 

Wattles,  Nathaniel,  12,  146. 

Wattles,  Sluman,  12,  146,  148. 

Wayne,  Gen.  Anthony:  anecdote  on  Wyandots,  3, 
54;  to  Secretary  of  War  on  Miami  portages,  7, 
69-73;  Washington's  private  opinion  of,  8,  173; 
given  command  of  Legion,  175;  difficulty  in 
choosing  officers,  175-176;  good  men  chosen,  176; 
moves  Legion  to  Legionville,  177;  entertains 
Iroquois  chiefs,  183 ;  moves  Legion  to  Fort  Wash 
ington,  184;  camps  at  "Hobson's  Choice,"  186; 
receives  spy's  report,  192;  receives  secret  code 
message  to  begin  war,  192;  anticipates  road  ques 
tion,  193-194;  road  called  "Mad  Anthony  Street" 
in  Cincinnati,  195;  route  to  Hamilton,  195;  In 
dian  nicknames  for,  200;  road  to  Greenville,  201 ; 
erects  Fort  Greenville,  201 ;  sends  detachment  to 
St.  Clair's  battlefield,  203 ;  builds  Fort  Recovery, 


182  INDEX  Wayne 

Wayne  (continued) — 

204;  advances  from  Greenville,  205;  reaches  St. 
Mary  River,  207 ;  erects  Fort  Adams,  207 ;  reaches 
the  Auglaize,  208;  feints  at  road-building,  208; 
deceives  Indians  by  cunning  tactics,  209-210;  im 
presses  Indians,  210;  extremely  cautious,  211; 
criticised  by  Clark,  211;  refuses  Wilkinson  com 
mand  of  a  flying  column,  211;  erects  Fort  De 
fiance,  212;  advances  up  the  Maumee,  213;  wins 
the  battle  of  Fallen  Timber,  214-216;  erects  Fort 
Wayne,  216;  erects  Fort  Loramie,  216;  concludes 
Treaty  at  Greenville,  217. 

Weaver,  Casper  Willis,  superintendent  of  con 
struction  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway,  13,  no. 

Webb's  Mill  (West  Virginia),  12,  46. 

Webster,   John,   12,   31. 

Webster's  (Stoystown,  Pennsylvania),  n,  140. 

Weedon,  General,  Washington's  opinion  of,  8,  173. 

Weiser,  Lt.  Col.  Conrad :  commander  of  First  Bat 
talion  of  the  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  i,  50; 
Journal,  quoted,  2,  29. 

Welchhanse's  Mill,  Braddock's  Road  near,  4,  188. 

Welch's,  Nicholas,  6,  57. 

Welch,  Sylvester,  superintends  building  of  Al 
legheny  Portage  Railway,  13,  198. 

Weld,  Isaac,  on  corduroy  roads,  II,  71. 

Welge  Station  (Illinois),  Clark's  camp  near,  8,  31. 


White  INDEX  183 

Wentling's,  10,  159. 

Wentworth's  Ferry,  7,  120. 

Werden's,  10,  164. 

West:  Americans  and  not  Englishmen  explored  the 

Middle,  6,  44-45 ;  primeval  condition  of  the,  3, 

41-46. 
Western  Inland  Lock  Navigation  Company:  sketch 

of,  14,  22-42 ;  Report  of  the  Directors,  35 ;  New 

York   purchases  works  of,    130131. 
Westmoreland,  County  of,  Pennsylvania,  History  of 

the,  cited,  5,   191. 
Weston,  William,  engineer,  14,  38,  40,  87-88,  92- 

93- 

West  Port,  12,  78. 
West  Virginia  Atlas,  12,  25. 

West  Virginia  Historical  Magazine,  cited,  4,  78. 
Wheeling  Creek,  Celoron  at  mouth  of,  9,  42. 
Wheeling     (West    Virginia)  :    Cumberland    Road 

completed  to,  10,  54-57,  71-74;  taverns  at,   160; 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway  reaches,   13,    134; 

origin  of  name  of,  14,  16. 
Whilley,  William,  6,  200. 
White,  Canvass :  favors  Allegheny  Portage  Railway, 

13,  196;  builds  Erie  Canal  in  Mohawk  Valley, 

14,  132;  honored  at  Erie  Canal  inaugural  cele 
bration,  149. 

White,  Cross,  6,  124. 


184  INDEX  White 

"White  Goose,"  10,  155. 

White,  Historical  Collections  of  Georgia,  I,  90. 

"White  Horse,"  10,  163. 

White  Oak  Springs,  4,   195. 

White,  West  Virginia  Atlas,  12,  25. 

Whitledge,  Robert,  6,  107,  116. 

Whitman,  Marcus,  as  pioneer  road  maker,  n,  48. 

Whyle's,  n,  135. 

Wickliffe's  House,  4,  195- 

Wickware's,  12,  47. 

Wilkins,   John,  6,   200. 

Wilkinson,  General :  ordered  to  attack  Wabash  In 
dians,  8,  115,  120;  builds  Fort  St.  Clair,  169; 
Washington's  private  opinion  of,  173;  appointed 
brigadier-general  under  Wayne,  175;  proposes  to 
advance  with  a  flying  column,  210;  refused  by 
Wayne,  211. 

Wilkinson,   Judge,    in   Erie   Canal  celebration,   14, 

139- 

Willey,  John,  6,  201. 

Williams,  Eli,  10,  26. 

Williams,  Elizabeth,  mother  of  Col.  Richard  Hen 
derson,  6,  88. 

Williams,  General,  Washington's  opinion  of,  8,  174. 

Williams,  John:  6,  91,  102,  136;  to  Captain  Martin, 
I36-I37- 


Winans  INDEX  185 

Williams,  Major  C.,  commander  of  first  boat  to 
cross  Alleghenies  on  Allegheny  Portage  Railway, 
13,  206. 

Williams,  Ralph,  6,  133. 
Williams's,   12,  50. 
Williamson,   Charles,   12,    no. 
Williamstown  (West  Virginia),  12,  44. 
"Willing,"  The,  assists  in  Clark's  Vincennes  cam 
paign,  8,  33,  57. 

Wills  Creek:  Ohio  Company's  buildings  at,  3,  95; 
view  of  same,  4,  27;  reasons  for  Virginia  Regi 
ment's  advance  from  (1754),  3,  128-129. 
Wilson,  Francis  E.,  8,  12. 
Wilson,  John,  6,   198. 
Wilson,    Maj.   John,   surveys   route   for  Allegheny 

Portage  Railway,  13,  197. 
Wilson,  President  Woodrow,   George  Washington, 

cited,  10,  161. 
Wilson's,  10,  161. 
Wilson's  "Catfish  Camp,"  10,  155. 
Wilson,  William  Bender,  History  of  the  Pennsyl 
vania  Railroad  Company,  cited,  13,  199;  quoted, 
204-205. 

Winans,    Ross:   invents    friction    wheels,    13,    128; 
called  to  Russia,  128-129;  invents  cast-iron  wheels, 


186  INDEX  Winden 

Winden,  Julius,  The  Influence  of  the  Erie  Canal 
upon  the  population  along  its  course,  quoted,  14, 
152-177. 

Winegamer's,  10,   162. 

Wine  Hill,  Clark's  route  on,  8,  30,  31. 

Winslow,  Beausejour  captured  by,  5,  68. 

Winston,  President  George  T.,  on  poor  roads  and 
matrimony,  15,  24. 

Winter,  early  traveling  preferable  in,  n,  33. 

Wisconsin:  archaeological  map  of,  I,  48;  remains 
in,  49;  archaeological  remains  in  Crawford 
County,  54;  early  path  in,  n,  32. 

Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  cited,  9,  118,  132; 
11,32. 

Witherbee,  Frank  S.,  on  Roosevelt  Erie  Canal  com 
mittee,  14,  198. 

Wolfe,  James,  bravery  at  Louisbourg,  5,  73. 

Wolf,  Governor,  approves  bill  authorizing  Al 
legheny  Portage  Railway,  13,  197. 

Wolf's  Rapid,  14,  28. 

Wolves,  pioneers  invade  dens  of,  6,  67-68. 

Wood,   Col.  Abraham,   New  River  discovered  by, 

6,  55- 

Wood  Creek,  in  Washington's  plan  of  communica 
tions,  13,  47- 


Yellow  INDEX  187 

Woodington,  John,  early  settler  on  Wayne's  Road, 

8,  196. 

Wood,  William,  12,  30. 
Woodruff,  Henry  S.,  12,  160. 
Wood's  Gap,  see  Flower  Gap. 
Wood's,  Samuel,  6,  198. 
Workman  House,  10,  155. 
Wright,  Benjamin,  Erie  Canal  engineer,  14,   109, 

115,  180. 

Wyandots,  sketch  of,  3,  53-56. 
Wyllys,  Maj.  John  P.,  in  Harmar's  campaign,  8, 

88,  105-106. 


X 


ENIA  (Illinois),  Vincennes  Trace  near,  8,  50. 


YANKEES,  early  macadamized  road   in   New 
York  built  by,  12,  118. 
Yearley's,  6,  124. 
Yeiser,  Philip,  6,  202. 
Yellow  Bark,  see  Farrington,  Illinois. 


188  INDEX  Yellow 

Yellow  Creek,  Logan's  relatives  murdered  on,  6,  85. 
Yoder,   Jacob,  first  flatboat  to   descend   Ohio   and 

Mississippi  steered  by,  9,  124. 
Young,  James,  6,  201. 
Young,  Richard,  6,  198. 
Young,  Samuel,  Erie  Canal  commissioner,  14,  116, 

150,  1 80. 


ZANE,    Ebenezer,    appointed    to    blaze    road 
through  Ohio,  n,  156. 
Zane,    Jonathan,    assists    Ebenezer   Zane    in 

marking  out  Zane's  Trace,  n,  158. 
Zanesville   (Ohio),  early  taverns  in,  10,  157,  161- 

162. 
Zeigler,  Major,  testifies  in  St.  Clair  court-martial, 

8,  126. 

Zeisberger,   Rev.   David :  opinion   on   derivation  of 
"Ohio,"  9,  20;  on  location  of  Moravian  town  in 
Ohio,  64;  Diary,  cited,  2,  103,  104. 
Zinn's  blockhouse  tavern,  12,  83. 


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